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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCultural Resource Report - PLN General - 3/13/2020 PO Box 4159 Seattle, WA 98194 PHONE 206 855-9020 - info@crcwa.com TECHNICAL MEMO 2001L-1 DATE: March 13, 2020 TO: Craig Gregory PWW2 LLC FROM: Margaret Berger, Principal Investigator RE: Cultural Resources Overview of the PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, Washington The attached short report form constitutes our cultural resources overview report for this project. Background research conducted by Cultural Resource Consultants, LLC (CRC) did not result in the identification of previously recorded cultural resources in the project. However, background research indicates there is a moderate to high probability for archaeological sites to be present within portions of the project. An archaeological survey is recommended for previously undisturbed areas and areas with alluvial deposition within the project location. Please contact our office if you have any questions about our findings and/or recommendations. CULTURAL RESOURCES REPORT COVER SHEET Author: Jessica Gardner, Ian Kretzler, and Margaret Berger Title of Report: Cultural Resources Overview of the PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, Washington Date of Report: March 13, 2020 County(ies): Mason Section: 35 Township: 21 N Range: 04 W Quad: Skokomish Valley, WA Acres: ca. 68 acres PDF of report submitted (REQUIRED) Yes Historic Property Inventory Forms to be Approved Online? Yes No Archaeological Site(s)/Isolate(s) Found or Amended? Yes No TCP(s) found? Yes No Replace a draft? Yes No Satisfy a DAHP Archaeological Excavation Permit requirement? Yes # No Were Human Remains Found? Yes DAHP Case # No DAHP Archaeological Site #: • Submission of PDFs is required. • Please be sure that any PDF submitted to DAHP has its cover sheet, figures, graphics, appendices, attachments, correspondence, etc., compiled into one single PDF file. • Please check that the PDF displays correctly when opened. CRC Technical Memorandum #2001L-1 Cultural Resources Overview, PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, WA Page i Cultural Resources Overview of the PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, Washington Table of Contents Management Summary ............................................................................................................ 2 1.0 Administrative Data ........................................................................................................ 2 1.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Research Design .......................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Project Description ...................................................................................................... 4 2.0 Background Research ..................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Environmental Context ............................................................................................... 6 2.3 Archaeological Context .............................................................................................. 8 2.4 Native Peoples ............................................................................................................ 9 2.5 Nineteenth and Twentieth Century History .............................................................. 10 2.6 Historical Records Search ......................................................................................... 11 2.7 Cultural Resources Database Review ....................................................................... 13 3.0 Archaeological Expectations ......................................................................................... 15 3.1 Archaeological Predictive Models ............................................................................ 15 3.2 Archaeological Expectations .................................................................................... 15 4.0 Results and Recommendations ..................................................................................... 16 4.1 Results ....................................................................................................................... 16 4.2 Conclusions and Recommendations ......................................................................... 16 5.0 Limitations of this Assessment ..................................................................................... 16 6.0 References ....................................................................................................................... 16 CRC Technical Memorandum #2001L-1 Cultural Resources Overview, PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, WA Page 2 Management Summary This report presents a cultural resources overview of PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project in Mason County, Washington. This assessment was developed to identify any previously recorded cultural resource sites in the project location and to evaluate the potential for as-yet unrecorded cultural resources to be present. Background research conducted by Cultural Resource Consultants, LLC (CRC) did not identify any previously recorded archaeological sites, historic properties, or cemeteries. However, ethnographic sources and historic maps indicate the location may have been located near well-known trails through the area. Based upon the results of background research, the project location has a moderate to high probability for archaeological sites to be present within portions of the project. However, the types of sites expected to be found here are unlikely to meet criteria of significance. An archaeological survey is recommended for previously undisturbed areas and areas with alluvial deposition within the project location. Please contact our office if you have any questions about our findings and/or recommendations. 1.0 Administrative Data 1.1 Overview Report Title: Cultural Resources Overview of the PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, Washington Author: Jessica Gardner, Ian Kretzler, and Margaret Berger Report Date: March 13, 2020 Location: The project is located on a private road west of North Highway 101, northwest of Shelton, Washington. The legal description for the project is in the N½SW¼ of Section 35 in Township 21 North, Range 04 West, Willamette Meridian, also known as the Clear Lake Tracts 1 through 57. The project occupies tax parcels 4213550-00001, -00015, -00030, and -00044. USGS 7.5’ Topographic Map(s): Skokomish Valley, WA (Figure 1). Total Area Involved: ca. 68 acres. Regulatory Nexus: Washington State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA). CRC Technical Memorandum #2001L-1 Cultural Resources Overview, PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, WA Page 3 Figure 1. Project location marked on portion of the USGS Skokomish Valley, WA 7.5’ quadrangle. 1.2 Research Design This cultural resources assessment was developed as a component of preconstruction environmental review ahead of transportation-related construction along West Railroad Avenue. It sought to prevent cultural resources from being disturbed during ground disturbing activities by assessing whether historic properties or archaeological sites exist within the boundaries of the project. CRC’s work was intended, in part, to assist in addressing state regulations pertaining to the identification and protection of cultural resources (e.g., RCW 27.44, RCW 27.53, RCW 68.60). The Archaeological Sites and Resources Act (RCW 27.53) prohibits knowingly disturbing archaeological sites without a permit from the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP), the Indian Graves and Records Act (RCW 27.44) prohibits knowingly disturbing Native American or historic graves, and the Abandoned and Historic Cemeteries and Historic Graves Act (RCW 68.60) calls for the protection and preservation of historic era cemeteries and graves. SEPA requires that impacts to cultural resources be considered during the public environmental review process. Under SEPA, the DAHP is the sole agency with technical expertise in regard to cultural resources and provides formal opinions to local governments and other state agencies on a site’s significance and the impact of proposed projects upon such sites. CRC’s investigation consisted of (1) review of available project information and correspondence provided by the project proponent; and (2) examination of local environmental, cultural, and historical documentary and cartographic datasets. This assessment utilized a research design that considered previous studies, the magnitude and nature of the undertaking, the nature and extent CRC Technical Memorandum #2001L-1 Cultural Resources Overview, PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, WA Page 4 of potential effects on historic properties, and the likely nature and location of historic properties at the project location, as well as other applicable laws, standards, and guidelines (per 36CFR800.4 (b)(1)) (DAHP 2020a). 1.3 Project Description The project bounds the east, south, and west shores of Clear Lake, located northwest of Shelton, in Mason County, Washington. The project proposes the construction of a road through the project parcels and would include the harvest of timber along the right-of-way and on the east, south, and west sides of Clear Lake. The project may include dividing the property into residential lots in the future. For the purposes of this assessment, the area of interest for cultural resources (hereafter, “the project location”) is understood to be the area described above and depicted in Figures 1 – 3. Figure 2. Satellite imagery of the project location (base map: Google Earth). CRC Technical Memorandum #2001L-1 Cultural Resources Overview, PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, WA Page 5 Figure 3. Project plans as provided by PWW2 LLC. CRC Technical Memorandum #2001L-1 Cultural Resources Overview, PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, WA Page 6 2.0 Background Research 2.1 Overview Background research was conducted in February – March 2020. Recorded Cultural Resources Present: Yes [ ] No [x] No cultural resources have been previously recorded at the project location (DAHP 2020b). Context Overview: The context overview presented here summarizes environmental, ethnographic, historical, and archaeological information presented in local cultural resource reports; archaeological and historical data from DAHP and the Washington Information System for Architectural and Archaeological Records Data (WISAARD) records search; ethnographic resources; geological and soils surveys (e.g. USDA NRCS 2020; WA DNR 2020); historical maps and documents from Bureau of Land Management United States Surveyor General Land Status & Cadastral Survey Records database; HistoryLink; Historic Map Works; HistoricAerials (NETR 2020); University of Washington’s Digital Collection; Washington State University’s Early Washington Maps Collection; and CRC’s library. The following discussion of project location geology, archaeology, history, and ethnography incorporates context information from CRC’s prior work in the Shelton area (e.g. Berger 2017; Berger and McNett 2018; Kretzler 2020). 2.2 Environmental Context Overview: The project is geographically situated approximately 14.4 miles southeast of Rock Peak of the Olympic Mountain Range, 5.2 miles south of Indian Hole on the Hood Canal, and 4.75 miles northwest of Oakland Bay on Hammersley Inlet. Locally, it is 4.86 miles south of Skokomish and 4.26 miles northwest of Shelton. The landscape surrounding the project contains forests, prairies, marshes, and several small lakes, including Clear Lake, which is fed by a spring. Purdy Creek is approximately one mile north of the project. The project location is defined as a one-eighth section surrounding Clear Lake and can be described as two ridges, one to each side of the lake. Elevation within the project ranges from 330 feet above sea level (ft asl) in the southeast corner to 387 ft asl at the top of the western ridge. The shores of the lake are 344 ft asl. In this and subsequent sections, radiocarbon dates and age ranges based on those dates are presented in calibrated calendrical years ago (cal BP). This notation indicates the radiocarbon date has been corrected using current methodologies. Other age estimates are given as years BP (before present). Geomorphology: The landscape of western Washington is a product of crustal deformation initiated by the Cascadia subduction zone; successive glacial scouring and deposition, most recently during the Pleistocene; landslides, erosion, and deposition; and Holocene human activity (Troost and Booth 2008). The project is located within the Tsuga heterophylla (Western Hemlock) vegetation zone in the Willamette-Puget Lowland physiographic province. This area formed during Pleistocene glaciation events, which carved out a wide trough between the Coast and Cascade Ranges (Franklin and Dyrness 1973; McKee 1972). During the late Pleistocene (110,000 to 12,000 years BP), the Cordilleran ice sheet covered much of the Pacific Northwest, CRC Technical Memorandum #2001L-1 Cultural Resources Overview, PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, WA Page 7 scouring the landscape during advance and retreat episodes initiated by localized climate fluctuations (Thorson 1980). The most recent glaciation event, the Vashon Stade of the Fraser glaciation, occurred around 17,000 years BP. The Puget Lobe entered northwestern Washington, producing moraine features and topographic lows. The Puget Lobe reached the vicinity of present-day Seattle about 14,500 years BP, achieving its maximum extent near Olympia 14,000 years BP (Booth et al. 2003). The onset of climatic warming, an event that signaled the transition to the Holocene, caused the ice sheet to retreat north. The Puget Lobe retreated from Seattle approximately 13,600 years BP (Booth et al. 2003). As the glacier receded, meltwater became impounded behind the ice, forming a series of proglacial lakes that eventually merged into Lake Bretz, which extended from the southern margin of present-day Whidbey Island to Olympia. Lake Russell impounded low lying sections of Puget Sound and adjacent river valleys (Bretz 1913; Waitt and Thorson 1983). It later drained via the Strait of Juan de Fuca (Thorson 1981). The project is situated on a broad glacial outwash plain that contains numerous lakes. These lakes originated when detached blocks of glacial ice, sand, and gravel were stranded and, as they melted, formed and filled depressions known as kettles (Kruckeberg 1991:247). After glacial ice retreated and meltwater subsided, much of the Puget Sound region was devoid of vegetation, surficial organic soil horizons, and established drainage systems. This left the landscape highly susceptible to erosion (Bethel 2004). Ravines cut through the landscape, alluvial fans formed at the base of steep slopes, and stream incision undercut fan deposits, trigging massive landslides. Water, sediment, and organic matter collected in depressions, forming lakes, wetlands, and alluvial lowlands. Concurrently, Puget Sound was affected by geomorphic processes such as isostatic rebound, global sea level rise, and a large earthquake 1,100 years ago originating from the Seattle fault zone (Booth et al. 2003; Thorson 1989). These events shaped the immediate surroundings of the project. Mapped Surface Geologic Unit: The surface geology is mapped as Qgd, Pleistocene continental glacial drift (WA DNR 2020). The unit is further defined by Polenz et al. (2010) as Qgic, Vashon Ice-Contact deposits with Qa, alluvium present in the lower elevations, such as around Clear Lake and at the southeast corner, where water can collect. Polenz et al. (2010:12-13) describes Qgic as “sand, gravel, lodgment till, and flow till with minor silt and clay beds… variably sorted” which was “deposited by meltwater or ice or both, generally late in the glaciation, and is commonly accompanied by stagnant-ice features, such as kettles and hummocky topography, ripples on flutes, disrupted surfaces on and between flutes, eskers (subunit Qge), and subglacial or subaerial outwash channels.” Qa is described as gravel, sand, and silt which is generally loose and moderately to well-sorted (Polenz et al 2010). Materials typically have a parent material of older Olympic sediments, except where the water has not yet cut through Vashon era sediments. Clear Lake and the southeastern corner of the project location are likely derived from Vashon era sediments. Mapped Soil Unit: Three soil units are mapped in the project location. They are: Grove gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, approximately 57 percent of the project area; Shelton gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, approximately 40 percent of the project; and CRC Technical Memorandum #2001L-1 Cultural Resources Overview, PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, WA Page 8 McKenna gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, approximately 2 percent of the project (USDA NRCS 2020). Grove gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes is mapped on the project landforms west of the lake and along the northeastern shores of the lake (USDA NRCS 2020). It forms on outwash plains from a parent material of glacial outwash. A typical soil profile can be described as: 0 to 9 inches, gravelly sandy loam; 9 to 24 inches, very gravelly sandy loam; and 24 to 60 inches, very gravelly loamy sand. The soil unit is considered somewhat excessively drained with the water table more than 80 inches below the surface. Shelton gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes is mapped along the eastern boundary of the Grove gravelly sandy loam unit from the southern tip of the lake to the northeastern corner of the project (USDA NRCS 2020). It forms on moraines from a parent material of basal till with volcanic ash. A typical soil profile can be described as: 0 to 3 inches, very gravelly medial loam; 3 to 27 inches, very gravelly medial sandy loam; and 27 to 60 inches, very gravelly sandy loam. The soil unit is considered moderately well drained with the water table approximately 24 to 36 inches below the surface. McKenna gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes is mapped as a small section at the southwestern extreme of the lake, between the previously mentioned soil units (USDA NRCS 2020). It forms in depressions from a parent material of glacial drift. A typical soil unit can be described as: 0 to 6 inches, gravelly loam; 6 to 10 inches, gravelly clay loam to very gravelly loam, or very gravelly loamy sand; and 10 to 26 inches, very gravelly loamy sand. A restrictive to hand excavation feature of densic material exists between 24 and 30 inches. No soil data is provided at a greater depth. The soil unit is considered poorly drained with the water table at ground surface. According the topographic maps (USGS 2017), this area is considered a marshland. 2.3 Archaeological Context Thousands of years of human occupation in Puget Sound have been summarized in a number of archaeological, ethnographic, and historical investigations over the past several decades. These studies provide a regional context for evaluating the potential of archaeological deposits at the project location (e.g. Carlson 1990; Greengo 1983; Kopperl et al. 2016; Larson and Lewarch 1995; Morgan 1999; Nelson 1990; Wessen and Stilson 1987). Archaeological evidence indicates human presence in western Washington extends to at least 14,000 cal BP, a period corresponding with the retreat of glacial ice in the region. Over the next six millennia, people lived in small, mobile groups that moved seasonally between productive hunting, fishing, and gathering locations. Archaeological site 45KI839, for instance, contained lithic artifacts within deeply buried, stratified alluvial sediments at the confluence of Bear Creek and the Sammamish River on the northern end of Lake Sammamish. The site dates to 10,780 years BP (Kopperl 2016). Beyond Bear Creek, few archaeological sites in western Washington have been dated to the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. Middle and late Holocene finds are far more common. During the middle Holocene, roughly 8,000 to 3,000 cal BP, people established a broader range of residential and resource procurement site types and sizes. This shift coincided with decreased mobility as groups developed specialized adaptations to local environments. CRC Technical Memorandum #2001L-1 Cultural Resources Overview, PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, WA Page 9 These trends continued into the late Holocene. From 3,000 cal BP until the arrival of Euro- Americans in the late eighteenth century, the archaeological record is characterized by diverse site and artifact types located in a range of environments. Settlement patterns revolved around semi-permanent winter villages while resource harvest relied in part on landscape management (e.g. culturally prescribed burning) and mass capture and storage technologies. Intensive harvest of and occupation near littoral resources—activities that produced sizable shell middens—also emerged. During the colonial period, coinciding with the arrival of Euro-Americas, Native societies grappled with the impacts of foreign diseases, demographic and ecological change, and removal policies. Amid these changes, Native groups acquired new materials and adapted settlement and subsistence practices in response to emerging economic opportunities and political incursion (e.g. Wilson 2018). 2.4 Native Peoples Traditional Territory: The project is located within the overlapping traditional territories of the Southern Lushootseed-speaking Sa-Heh-Wa-Mish people of Hammersley Inlet and the Twana- speaking sqWuqWuʹb3sH peoples of Skokomish River and the ctʹwelqʹwe’li peoples of Vance Creek (SCAC 2002; Suttles and Lane 1990). Both are considered part of the Southern Coast Salish culture and were tied to each other through inter-marriage. They share many similarities which have been discussed in numerous sources (e.g., Elmendorf 1960; Henderson et al. 2002; Jolivette et al. 2014; Schalk and Yesner 1988; Skokomish Indian Tribe 2014; Smith 1940; Squaxin Indian Tribe 2017; Suttles and Lane 1990; Waterman 2001) and are summarized as follows: During the nineteenth century, and for centuries prior, the lifeways of the Sa-Heh-Wa- Mish and their neighbors were structured by the changing seasons and the availability of important foods and other resources. During the spring and summer, families traveled across the landscape, primarily via canoe, and established temporary camps, from which they harvested salmon, shellfish, and other marine foods, hunted terrestrial mammals such as deer and elk, and collected berries, roots, and other plants. Many of these resources were dried and stored for consumption during the leaner winter months. As summer turned to winter, families relocated to semi-permanent, large cedar plank houses built in villages situated along shorelines. Winter was a time for ceremonial activities and creating and strengthening relationships with members of other villages via marriage, trade, and cultural exchange. The Vance Creek peoples vary slightly in being located further inland and having a more terrestrial based economy. Knowledge of these and other lifeways continues to be passed down among contemporary Native peoples. Today, the descendants of the Sa-Heh-Wa-Mish and their neighbors living in southwestern Puget Sound are members of the Squaxin Island Tribe; the sqWuqWuʹb3sH and ctʹwelqʹwe’li peoples are members of the Skokomish Indian Tribe (SCAC 2002; Skokomish Indian Tribe 2014; Squaxin Indian Tribe 2017). Place Names: Late nineteenth and early twentieth century ethnographers worked with local informants to document the names and locations of villages, resource areas, bodies of water, and other cultural or geographic knowledge. These features contribute to the broader archaeological context of the project and the nature of deposits that may be encountered during ground disturbing activities. They also speak to the importance of places on this landscape to Native American peoples, historical and contemporary. In the Shelton area, a Sa-Heh-Wa-Mish village named q’wpa’lalxo’ was located at the mouth of Goldsborough Creek or Shelton Creek (Gill CRC Technical Memorandum #2001L-1 Cultural Resources Overview, PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, WA Page 10 2006). Both are located about 4.8 miles southeast of the project location. A Skokomish campsite named duxwt’aʹlaqbəd, meaning “place where one easts mussels out of the shell,” was located on the north bank of the Skokomish River, near the mouth of Purdy Creek, approximately 2.97 miles north of the project location (Elmendorf 1960:33, Map 2). Elmendorf (1960) also indicates this was the location of the first weir along the river, both as the first placed each season and as the first encountered as one moved upstream, being situated at the limit of the tide water. A Vance Creek settlement, puʹDlečəd, meaning “halfway” was located on a hill about 6.35 miles west-northwest of the project location (Elmendorf 1960:37, Map 2). The site was located along the Satsop Trail and the people of the settlement hunted at Lake Nahwatzel, daʹwaclαɫ, to the south and along the trail left by a dry river channel to the north. The dry channel, qeɫqɔʹ’, was described as beginning near a small stream on Vance Creek, possibly Kirkland Creek, and progressing to the southeast to the Sa-Heh-Wa-Mish village located near present day Shelton (Elmendorf 1960:37). The area was also known for the presence of blueberries. The western start of the channel, and trail, was located approximately 5.7 miles northwest of the project location, and likely passed within two to three miles to the south. Legend told that the channel was the previous course of the Skokomish River when it was said to have emptied into Oakland Bay (Elmendorf 1960:37). Waterman (2001) lists the name Ple’lqeEd, meaning “removing blisters from wild cherry bark” as referring to a “creek cutting through a large promontory north of Oakland” which may refer to the mouth of Johns Creek, located approximately 5.6 miles east- southeast of the project location (Waterman 2001:276-277). 2.5 Nineteenth and Twentieth Century History In 1850, the federal government enacted the Oregon Donation Land Act, which attracted settlers to the region with the promise of free, though unceded, Native land. As the settler population increased, so too did tensions with Native communities. It was against this backdrop that, in 1854, the Sa-Heh-Wa-Mish and other groups living in southwestern Puget Sound met with territorial governor Isaac Stevens to negotiate the Treaty of Medicine Creek. The treaty ceded title to millions of acres of Native land in exchange for small reservations and preservation of hunting, gathering, and fishing rights. With the treaty’s ratification, many Native people were compelled to relocate to the Squaxin Island, Nisqually, Puyallup, and Muckleshoot reservations. Others were forcibly interned on Fox Island during the Indian Wars of 1855 and 1856 that erupted in part due to the asymmetrical terms of the treaty (Carpenter 1996; Ruby et al. 2010). In later decades, people living on Squaxin Island returned to their original homes. Today, there are no permanent residents on the island, though it continues to be a place of cultural importance and food gathering (Squaxin Island Tribe 2017). A second treaty in 1855 ceded the lands of the Twana, Chemakum, and S’Klallam tribes and created the Skokomish Reservation at the mouth of the Skokomish River. Located within the Twana territory and at a great distance to the Chemakum and S’Klallam tribes, it was primarily home to Twana tribes, and later, to local Squaxin and Sa-Heh-Wa-Mish peoples who moved to the reservation (Ruby et al. 2010; SCAC 2002). The removal of Native peoples to reservations opened vast tracts of land for Euro-American settlement. David and Frances Shelton, the town’s first settler residents, arrived in 1853. The Shelton Donation Land claim encompassed much of the current town. Farming and especially logging soon followed. The presence of old growth trees, level terrain around Oakland Bay, and CRC Technical Memorandum #2001L-1 Cultural Resources Overview, PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, WA Page 11 proximity to a deep waterway made it an attractive location for timber ventures. Logging operations expanded during the 1880s with the establishment of mills along Oakland Bay and logging railroads that linked the town with the forests of the Olympic Peninsula. The Simpson Lumber Company, established in 1895, soon became one of the state’s dominant timber operations. The company maintained logging camps throughout the peninsula and contributed to the growth of Shelton as a home for its employees. The logging industry reached new heights following World War II but in the late 1950s began to contract due to concerns surrounding pollution and sustainability. The industry’s decline continued into the twenty-first century, though a new Sierra Pacific Industries sawmill opened in Shelton in December 2016 (Becker 2010; Fredson 1992, 1993; Kingrey 2009; Shell 2018; Shong et al. 1997; Thomas and Perry 1996). The development of the federal and state highway systems in the early twentieth century linked Shelton to the surrounding region, providing additional capacity for freight and passenger traffic. U.S. Highway 101 (Olympic Highway) was built through Shelton in 1915 (Washington State Highway Commission 1915), and by 1931 a road following the approximate course of Washington State Highway 3 had been established (Washington State Highway Commission 1931). These transportation improvements facilitated further expansion of lumber milling and shipping during the 1920s and 1930s. In recent decades, many of the historical shipping corridors in Shelton have been redeveloped as commercial and residential areas. 2.6 Historical Records Search Information about nineteenth and twentieth century land ownership and use at the project is available via historical maps and aerial imagery. The General Land Office (GLO) conducted early cadastral surveys of the area to define or reestablish the boundaries and subdivisions of federal lands so that land patents could be issued to individuals. An 1861 GLO survey depicted the project location as lands north of a series of lakes with a trail passing diagonally across the southwest corner of the project (Figure 4; GLO 1861a, b). A second trail was noted further south, heading east to west. In 1895, all of Section 35, including the project location, was patented to the Northern Pacific Railroad as part of a government land grant in aid and compensation for building a transcontinental railroad (Grant-RR Northern Pacific [13 Stat. 365]) (BLM 2020). Land classification maps from the turn of the twentieth century show the project location as a “timbered area” (Rankine and Plummer 1898) with “5,000-10,000 feet B.M. per acre” (Plummer et al. 1902). CRC Technical Memorandum #2001L-1 Cultural Resources Overview, PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, WA Page 12 Figure 4. Cadastral survey plat of the project vicinity annotated with project location (GLO 1861a, b). A 1915 map of the Olympic National Forest and surrounding landforms depicted Clear Lake as part of a series of lakes connected to Johns Creek, flowing east to ‘Big Skookum” of Totten Inlet (Graves 1915). The nearest route recorded in the vicinity was East Brockdale Road, east of Island Lake, approximately 2.66 miles from Clear Lake, with the Olympic Highway (Highway 101) under development in 1915. Highway 101 passes within .16 mile east of the project. In 1931 the project location was platted as the Clear Lake Tracts by Bert and Janetta Shick (Shick and Shick 1931). The Shicks were milliners who were recorded as working in Shelton in the early 1920s (Polk 1921-22). By 1934 the lake was no longer recorded as part of the Johns Creek drainage system (NGMDB 2020; Washington State Libraries 2020). The project location was historically mapped as undeveloped uplands as late as 2017 (Figure 5; NGMDB 2020). A 1955 Mason County atlas depicted the project as platted land owned by George W. Bolin (Metsker 1955). Kent Lake Johns Lake CRC Technical Memorandum #2001L-1 Cultural Resources Overview, PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, WA Page 13 Figure 5. Topographic map of the project vicinity (USGS 1943). Aerial imagery is available beginning in 1951 (NETR 2020). Aerial images from 1951 showed the project location as partially cleared or secondary growth forest with trails or roadways partially circumnavigating the south half of Clear Lake, similar to the roads established in the 1931 plat of the Clear Lake Tracts. These paths connected to Highway 101 to the northeast and Highway 102 to the southwest, through a series of private roads. By 1980 the project location was a developing forest surrounded by cleared lands. The roadway was still visible from an aerial view until 2006 when the forest became too dense for ground visibility, though breaks in the tree line indicate it may still have been present. 2.7 Cultural Resources Database Review A review of the WISAARD database identified cultural resource studies, precontact and postcontact archaeological sites, and historic properties in the vicinity of the project. This information provides details about the nature and likelihood of cultural resources at the project location (DAHP 2020b). Three cultural resources surveys have been completed within one mile of the project. These include cultural resource assessments of local utility installations (Berger 2014; Simpson 2019) and regional fiber optic installations (Wilt and Roulette 2001). A single flaked cobble was identified within one-mile of the project through these surveys (Wilt and Roulette 2001). The cobble was identified approximately .7 mile north-northeast of Clear Lake during a pedestrian survey for the installation of regional overhead fiber optic cables. The significance of the cobble could not be extrapolated without further subsurface investigation. The cobble was located to the northwest of the intersection of Highway 101 and the telecommunication transmission route. This area is close to the current route for the intermittent drainage creek of Kent Lake as it meets Purdy Creek and has the potential to be part of the CRC Technical Memorandum #2001L-1 Cultural Resources Overview, PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, WA Page 14 historic channel migration, based on a comparison of the location to topographic maps (USGS 2017; Wilt and Roulette 2001). Cultural resource surveys for local utility installations were in close proximity to each other, approximately .5 to .7 mile south southeast of the project (DAHP 2020b). Both projects used surface and subsurface methods and described the land as having near surface disturbance through logging and/or road grading activities (Berger 2014; Simpson 2019). Subsurface sediments were described as gravelly sandy loams to gravelly loamy clays. Table 1. Cultural resources studies within one mile of the project on file at DAHP. Author Date Title Distance from Project Results S. Simpson September 2019 Cultural Resource Assessment: Speedways-B – Proposed Telecommunications Facility, Mason County, Washington .5 mile SSE Negative for cultural resources M. Berger September 2014 Cultural Resources Assessment for the City of Shelton Upper Mountain View Pressure Zone Improvements Project, Mason County, WA .68 mile SSE Negative for cultural resources J. J. Wilt and B. R. Roulette June 2001 Results of a Cultural Resources Survey of the Bonneville Power Administration’s Olympia to Port Angeles Fiber Optic Project Area, Thurston, Mason, Jefferson, and Clallam Counties, Washington .7 mile NNE Cobble Chopper isolate, surface find, .7 mile N of project No archaeological sites have been identified within one mile of the project. However, two have been identified within the Purdy Creek drainage within 2.13 miles of the project (Table 2). Site 45MS206 is identified as lithic debitage located north of Purdy Creek and found through subsurface testing (Kiers 2012). Site 45MS199 is identified as culturally modified trees (Stilson 2011). The trees were identified by the scar left by the removal of a strip of bark 20 feet long. The recorder dated one of the scars, located on a downed tree, to 1956 or before based on post- scar ring growth. The recorder also suggests several older cedars were located in the vicinity and may have been culturally modified as well. The project will not affect these sites. Table 2. Archaeological sites recorded within one mile of the project. Site Number Site Type Distance from Project Historic Register Status Potential Impacts 45MS199 Pre-Contact Culturally Modified Trees 1.81 miles NNW No Formal Determination No impact 45MS206 Pre-Contact Lithic Material 2.13 miles NNW Determined Not Eligible No impact No properties listed on an historic register (e.g., Mason County Historic Site, Shelton Historic Register, the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), or the Washington Historic Register (WHR)) are located within one mile of the project (City of Shelton 2017; Mason County 2020; DAHP 2020b). The closest register listed property is also the closest cemetery to the project, being the Shelton Memorial Park located 3.4 miles south southeast of Clear Lake. The cemetery was originally operated as four neighboring cemeteries until an association took charge of maintaining the site in 1971 (Van Dyne and Abrahams 1996). The oldest marker dates to 1874. It is listed on the Shelton Historic Register. The closest historic property inventoried is the CRC Technical Memorandum #2001L-1 Cultural Resources Overview, PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, WA Page 15 Sanderson Field Hanger approximately 1.75 miles south southeast of the project. The hanger was constructed in 1943 and has received numerous additions in the intervening years (Kahn 2018). The property was determined not eligible for listing on the NRHP or WHR. The project will not affect these properties. No traditional cultural properties listed on WISAARD are located within one mile of the project. 3.0 Archaeological Expectations 3.1 Archaeological Predictive Models The DAHP statewide predictive model uses environmental data associated with documented archaeological sites to identify areas at which unknown sites may be found (Kauhi and Markert 2009). Environmental categories included in the model are elevation, slope, aspect, distance to water, geology, soils, and landforms. The model ranks the project as moderately low to very high risk for archaeological sites, depending on the proximity to the eastern shores of Clear Lake (DAHP 2020b). The uplands are generally ranked “Survey contingent upon Project Parameters: Moderately Low Risk”, with the slopes around the lake ranked “Survey Recommended: Moderate Risk”, and the eastern shores of Clear Lake ranked a mixture of “Survey Highly Advised: High Risk” and “Survey Highly Advised: Very High Risk.” 3.2 Archaeological Expectations This assessment considers the statewide predictive model alongside local geomorphology, settlement patterns, and post-depositional processes to evaluate the possibility that archaeological deposits will be encountered at the project location. Mapped surface geology and soils at the project generally consist of Pleistocene era materials having been formed from Vashon Ice contact deposits. Holocene era sediments are limited to deposits within the kettle formed Clear Lake. Any potential for buried archaeological material will likely be found between the ground surface and the glacial materials, which are shallowly buried. Historic period logging has likely disturbed any near surface deposits. The potential for buried intact archaeological deposits is highest in areas where alluvial sediments are present. At the time of this report, no recorded precontact archaeological sites or place names were identified at the project. The project is generally located within a moderate to moderately low risk area based on its remote location, tall ridges, and sloping hillsides. However, a small area near the shores of Clear Lake is rated as high to very high risk of archaeological materials based on the topography and association with a fresh water habitat. The lake is at a distance of three miles or less from known campsites, villages, trails and archaeological sites. Local precontact archaeological sites indicate a more ephemeral use of the project vicinity. These sites and isolates are likely the result of a more transient material record derived from activities such as hunting, resource gathering and processing, etc. occurring on the periphery between more permanent settlement locations. Associated material remains may include but are not limited to fire-modified rock scatters, lithic scatters, bone or stone tools or implements, faunal remains, and other objects representing short-term use of the landscape. Since the late nineteenth century, the project vicinity has primarily been the site of logging and land clearing activities. Associated material remains may include but are not limited to lost, discarded, and/or broken tools and machinery associated with logging, culturally modified trees created during logging, and domestic materials and food scraps associated with the presence of loggers and other workers. In CRC Technical Memorandum #2001L-1 Cultural Resources Overview, PWW2 LLC Clear Lake Project, Mason County, WA Page 16 the absence of association significant historical associations or potential to provide information important to history or prehistory, the site types expected to occur within the project are unlikely to be considered significant. 4.0 Results and Recommendations 4.1 Results No previously recorded archaeological or historic sites are within the project. However, ethnographic sources and historic maps indicate the project may have been located along or near well-known precontact trails. Numerous sources point to an active trade and kinship network within the area, and archaeological sites and surveys near the project suggest resource gathering and/or travel occurred within two miles or less of the project. 4.2 Conclusions and Recommendations Based upon the results of background research, there is a high probability for archaeological sites to be present within portions of the project. An archaeological survey is recommended for previously undisturbed areas and areas with alluvial deposition within the project location. However, the kinds of activities that were likely carried out here are unlikely to have generated significant archaeological deposits. 5.0 Limitations of this Assessment No cultural resources study can assess with complete certainty whether archaeological sites, historic properties, or traditional cultural properties exist at a project location. The information presented in this report is based on professional opinions derived from CRC’s analysis and interpretation of available documents, records, literature, and information identified in this report and on field investigation and observations. The conclusions and recommendations presented apply to current and reasonably foreseeable project conditions. The data, conclusions, and interpretations in this report should not be construed as a warranty of subsurface conditions. They do not apply to site changes of which CRC is not aware and has not had the opportunity to evaluate. 6.0 References Becker, P. 2010 Shelton – Thumbnail History. Electronic document, https://www.historylink.org/File/9591, accessed September 16, 2019. Berger, M. 2014 Cultural Resources Assessment for the City of Shelton Upper Mountain View Pressure Zone Improvements Project, Mason County, WA. CRC. 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