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For BLD2022-00606 Pier - HMP Habitat Managment Plan - 4/30/2022
Fciv2- ,Bici 2oZZ-Cb�a�o ®3 Habitat Corp. Habitat Management Plan °. r ». PREPARED FOR: Annette Sager 4590 E Mason Lake DR W Grapeview,WA 98546 PREPARED BY: Christy Christensen C3 Habitat 4806 130TH ST CT NW Gig Harbor,WA 98332 April 2022 C3 Habitat-Gig Harbor WA 98332 Phone 360.471.5416 Fax 800.756.0996 3 Habitat Corp. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................2 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION......................................................................................................................2 SITEVICINITY MAP....................................................................................................................................2 3.0 CRITICAL AREA REVIEW.....................................................................................................................3 3.1 National Wetlands Inventory........................................................................................................3 3.2 Priority Habitat and Species..........................................................................................................3 4.0 FIELD REVIEW....................................................................................................................................3 MasonLake...............................................................................................................................................3 5.0 POTENTIAL ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS FROM PROPOSED SITE ACTIVITY...............................................5 5.1 Baseline Environmental Conditions....................................................................................................5 6.0 IMPACT AVOIDANCE AND MITIGATION MEASURES.........................................................................6 7.0 IMPACTS OF SITE DEVELOPMENT...........................................................................................................6 Conditions.....................................................................................................................................................7 8.0 MITIGATION PLAN...................................................................................................................................7 9.0 SUMMARY...............................................................................................................................................8 SitePhotos....................................................................................................................................................9 C3 Habitat-Gig Harbor WA 98332 Phone 360.471.5416 Fax 800.756.0996 (S 3 Habitat Corp. HABITAT MANAGEMNT PLAN Parcel number Acreage Owner S/T/R Proposed Use 22233-51-00025 .49 SAGER 33/22N/2W NEW DOCK 1.0 INTRODUCTION C3 Habitat(0)has completed a Habitat Management Plan to address function and ecological impacts to shoreline habitat for the Sager proposed Pier and Boatlift project. The project is located on Mason Lake in Section 33 of Township 24N in Range 02W of the Willamette Meridian. The project includes construction of a new pier and boatlift-extending east along the eastern property line. Because the project is located within a regulated residential shoreline, it requires regulation under the Shoreline Master Program Title 17.50.320. Mitigation is required for any new impervious area that is created and/or vegetation clearing.The goal of this Mitigation Plan is to achieve a no-net loss to the ecological function of the shoreline habitat and resultant landward buffer. 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The project consists of a new overwater pier with boatlift extending from an existing rip-rap bulkhead on the western shore of Mason Lake. Existing structures on the parcel include a single-family residence (under construction) and gravel driveway. Much of the parcel is cleared except for some smaller trees and shrubs along the shoreline and sporadic trees throughout. There are no landward wetlands or streams on the property. The project includes a partially grated pier which includes twelve 10-inch pilings and boatlift. Specifically,a 28-foot overwater pier with a 5-foot overland pier to get over the existing rip- rap bulkhead. The pier is 6-feet wide for 13-feet where it then extends southward (L-shape) 15-feet by 10-feet. There is 50% functional ThruFlow grating on the 6-foot section (39-so and 30% functional ThruFlow grating on the end section (100-sf). Grating has 61percent open area. Depth of water at the end of the dock is approximately 7-feet deep. The 5-foot overland portion of the pier is landward of the Ordinary Hight Water Mark(OHWM). C3 Habitat-Gig Harbor WA 98332 Phone 360.471.5416 Fax 800.756.0996 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SITE VICINITY MAP " Awl, WOOL y 'a =+17 A-c,e i3OUnty�Par j 4590 E Mas'i Lake �` C fD,1:7,Grapev,iew,WA_. d l6_' ii � ♦♦ �I1,I Iason Dake ration Area C3 Habitat-Gig Harbor WA 98332 Phone 360.471.5416 Fax 800.756.0996 CRITICAL AREA REVIEW 3.0 CRITICAL AREA REVIEW 3.1 National Wetlands Inventory The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wetlands Inventory(NWI) identifies no landward wetlands on or within close proximity to the scope area. The NWI map lists Mason Lake as L1UBH - (L) - Lacustrine, (1) - Limnetic, (UB)- Unconsolidated bottom, (H) - permanently flooded. The nearest landward wetland is approximately 2,500-feet to the northeast.See NWI Map- Figure 1. 3.2 Priority Habitat and Species The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Priority Species and Habitat Maps (PHS) identify the following features below the OHWM and in proximity of the project: Coho-Schumacher Creek, Summer chum -Schumacher Creek, Resident Coastal trout-Schumacher Creek,and Chum(fall)-Schumacher Creek.Landward of the OHWM the PHS lists 2 freshwater forested/shrub wetlands within a 3,000-foot radius of the subject property. See PHS Map-Figure 2. 4.0 FIELD REVIEW Field and aerial photograph review was performed on the subject parcel as well as adjacent parcels. There are no restrictions to the property other than the designated shoreline of Residential Shoreline zoning. The Mason Lake shoreline setback buffer has already been approved at 35-feet.The western property line is defined by E Mason Lake DR W and slopes downward to the lake which defines the eastern property line.There are no wetlands other than the deep-water lake near the property and no regulated streams within proximity of the project. Field review revealed no special habitat or species utilizing the landward or waterward portion of the property. The landward portion is mostly cleared with sporadic trees and shrubs. Mason Lake Mason Lake is the largest and deepest lake in Mason County. The lake has largemouth bass, yellow perch, brown bullhead, Kokanee, northern pikeminnow and rainbow trout. Coho salmon pass through the lake during the fall on their way to spawning grounds in Schumacher Creek, the stream that flows into Mason Lake at the south end. Summer-run chum salmon pass through the lake to spawning grounds in Sherwood Creek, the lake's natural outlet on the north end, which eventually flows into Case Inlet. Mason Lake is approximately 973-acres in size. C3 Habitat-Gig Harbor WA 98332 Phone 360.471.5416 Fax 800.756.0996 FIELD REVIEW 4 . . 4 L1UBH .� r �_• 4J; Habitat • Harbor WA 98332 •ne 360.471.5416 Fax :11 • 1••• POTENTIAL ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS FROM PROPOSED SITE ACTIVITY FIGURE 2. PHS MAP 300' radius Study Ar-,a s 3 "'sl`' � \L tea. •gin �"' �; _ _ ! ?Y y y 5.0 POTENTIAL ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS FROM PROPOSED SITE ACTIVITY 5.1 Baseline Environmental Conditions Currently, a few shrubs and a couple trees with a rip-rap bulkhead dominate the shoreline buffer. The remainder of the upland buffer is bare dirt from site clearing preparing for the construction of the single-family residence.There is no beach.Mason Lake drops in elevation quickly from the bulkhead. Approximately 25-feet east of the bulkhead the lake is about 7- feet deep. There is no visible aquatic vegetation immediately found near the shoreline OWHM nor waterward of the OWHM. C3 Habitat-Gig Harbor WA 98332 Phone 360.471.5416 Fax 800.756.0996 IMPACT AVOIDANCE AND MITIGATION MEASURES 6.0 IMPACT AVOIDANCE AND MITIGATION MEASURES According to the Mason County's Shoreline Master Program, the use of mitigation sequencing is required and essential to determining how the proposed project contributes to the no net loss standard. Avoiding the impact. There are docks on either side of the subject property, but adjacent owners are not interested in sharing a dock.As docks are allowed under the Shoreline Master Program for each tax lot,the property owner has the right to their own dock. 1. Avoid- Docks are allowed, so avoidance is not practical, and the neighbors on each side are not interested in sharing their docks. 2. Minimize - The proposed dock is the shortest length possible to achieve the desired purpose.Additionally,the dock is 61%grated to allow for light penetration as to not disturb the lake habitat to the greatest extent possible. 3. Rectify- To achieve a no net loss of environmental functions,the applicant proposes to plant the bare dirt areas immediately upland of the OHWM with approximately 55 plants (trees, shrubs, and groundcover) with 12 varieties of species. Note - Prior to the demolition of the old house and site clearing, the site was primarily overrun with Himalayan blackberry. Habitat value prior to this project was very low. 4. Reduce - Shading will be reduced by providing 61% grating to allow for maximum light penetration. The structure will be supported with galvanized steel pilings instead of treated wood, and the un-grated portions of the pier will be covered with composite decking instead of treated wood. 5. Compensate -To achieve a no net loss of environmental functions, the applicant will enhance the shoreline buffer with native plants.Currently the shoreline buffer is bare earth. 6. Monitor - Maintain the newly planted material. If any die, replace with native vegetation. 7.0 IMPACTS OF SITE DEVELOPMENT The impacts to the existing habitat and ecological function of the property from the proposed site activities are negligible. However, allowing for the construction of the proposed dock will have minor impacts to the lake environment. The two main typical ecological impacts from dock development are: 1. Human activity- There will be an increase in overwater human activity. Residential development along shorelines can have several impacts to the shoreline environment such as recreational fishing, water quality and wildlife effects. Additionally, waves created from boats can alter the stability of lake banks and bulkheads. 2. Water Quality - Keeping any boat well maintained and free of oil and gas leakage is recommended. When boat washing, clean water without soap or chemicals is recommended. C3 Habitat-Gig Harbor WA 98332 Phone 360.471.5416 Fax 800.756.0996 Conditions Conditions To minimize adverse effects on habitats and species caused by overwater structures that reduce ambient light levels, overwater structures shall incorporate functional grating. Treated wood or toxic materials used for components that may come in contact with water shall be made of non-toxic materials where feasible. The overwater structure should be located and designed as to not significantly impact or unnecessarily interfere with the rights of adjacent property owners, or adjacent water uses including navigation and boat operation. Artificial lighting on overwater structures shall be the minimum necessary and lighting should be designed to minimize glare. The overwater structure shall be constructed and maintained in a safe and sound condition. Abandoned or unsafe structures shall be removed or repaired promptly by the owner. For freshwater docks,the measured overall length cannot exceed sixty feet from the OHMK. 8.0 MITIGATION PLAN The applicant proposes to plant approximately 55-plant units using 12 varieties of native species. About 3,000 square-feet of area landward of the OHWM will be planted which is over ten times the amount of area that will be impacted by allowing for the construction of the dock. The planting plan has already been submitted for the reduction of the shoreline setback to 35-feet but is still applicable for this project.Planting schematic and plan attached. Introduce habitat features such as bat boxes and bird baths.Bat boxes should be installed on the home structure or on individual poles that have a good source of sunlight. Do not install bat boxes on trees as they are often too shaded for proper habitat. Avoid any dredging for pile installation during salmon spawning - August through November, if possible. C3 Habitat-Gig Harbor WA 98332 Phone 360.471.5416 Fax 800.756.0996 9.0 SUMMARY 9.0 SUMMARY This mitigation plan exceeds the requirements outlined in Mason County Shoreline Master Program.The project will result in 378-square feet of overwater structure with 61-percent functional grading for a total of 230.58-square feet of new structure shading.To compensate for the impact approximately 3,000-square feet of area will be enhanced with new plantings achieving over ten times improvement compared to the impact. The result is a net gain to the ecological functions and habitat of the shoreline environment. Best management practices shall be used for all site work. Respey4fully submitted by: ChristyKhristensen Senior Biologist C3 Habitat C3 Habitat-Gig Harbor WA 98332 Phone 360.471.5416 Fax 800.756.0996 Site Photos Site Photos j tt P r 7 1 y� r X, Example of some of the remaining vegetation along the shoreline. C3 Habitat-Gig Harbor WA 98332 Phone 360.471.5416 Fax 800.756.0996 Site • 10 CM Photo showing the moderate slope an bare earth conditions of the existing shoreline buffer. y , 4~ .Iyi�J+ � 1 •, � r • s� 4.. v r� - - y • y Habitat • Harbor WA 98332 • •1 • Fax :11 • 1••• Site Photos y; .� ~r 40 J. rA l �� r Photo showing the existing rip-rap bulkhead and approximate location of the dock to be installed. C3 Habitat-Gig Harbor WA 98332 Phone 360.471.5416 Fax 800.756.0996 SAGER Plan View 13'� SCALE: 14.40' Rip Rap 10' RGC Shoreline Boat Lift --5' 13' Path 6' grating ecking Concrete 20' abutment 15' MASON O W 28' LAKE Twelve 10" wood or steel piling 50% functional ThruFlow grating required on the 6-foot section (39 sf). 30% functional ThruFlow grating required on the end section (100 sf). Grating has 61% open area. Elevation View ------------------ Boa Lift Depth 7' REFERENCE: APPLICANT: Annette Sager PROPOSED: Construct new 28-foot overwater pier and 5-foot overland pier to get over rip rap. Install RGC Manufacutred Boat Lift. AT: Mason Lake COUNTY: Kitsap STATE: WA SHEET: 3 of 3 DATE: March 7, 2022 PHS Report Priority Habitats and Species on the Web � JLJ MAP". o- JAM r r, y .SS Buffer radius: 3000 Feet Parcel ID: 222335100025 PHS Species/Habitats Overview: 1,7 PHS Report Occurence Name Federal Status State Status Sensitive Location Coho Candidate N/A No Summer Chum N/A N/A No Resident Coastal Cutthroat N/A N/A No Chum Not Warranted N/A No Fall Chum N/A N/A No Winter Steelhead N/A N/A No Steelhead Threatened N/A No Coho N/A N/A No Freshwater Forested/Shrub N/A N/A No Wetland PHS Species/Habitats Details: Scientific Name Oncorhynchus kisutch Priority Area Occurrence Site Name Shumocher Creek Accuracy NA Notes LLID:1229211473537,Stock Name:Deep South Sound Tribs Coho, Run:Unspecified,Status:Healthy Source Record 3193 Source Dataset SASI Source Name Not Given Source Entity WDFW Fish Program Federal Status Candidate State Status N/A PHS Listing Status PHS Listed Occurrence Sensitive N SGCN N Display Resolution AS MAPPED More Info http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/diversty/soc/soc.htm Geometry Type Lines 2/7 PHS Report Summer Chum Scientific Name Oncorhynchus keta Priority Area Occurrence/Migration Site Name Schumacher Creek Accuracy NA Notes LLID:1229211473537,Fish Name:Chum Salmon,Run Time: Summer,Life History:Anadromous Source Record 54892 Source Dataset SWIFD Federal Status N/A State Status N/A PHS Listing Status PHS Listed Occurrence Sensitive N SGCN N Display Resolution AS MAPPED More Info http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/diversty/soc/soc.htm Geometry Type Lines CutthroatResident Coastal Scientific Name Oncorhynchus clarki Priority Area Occurrence/Migration Site Name Schumacher Creek Accuracy NA Notes LLID: 1229211473537, Fish Name:Cutthroat Trout, Run Time: Unknown or not Applicable, Life History:Unknown Source Record 154889 Source Dataset SWIFD Federal Status N/A State Status N/A PHS Listing Status PHS Listed Occurrence Sensitive N SGCN N Display Resolution AS MAPPED More Info http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/diversty/soc/soc.htm Geometry Type Lines 3/7 PHS Report i Scientific Name Oncorhynchus keta Priority Area Occurrence Site Name Shumocher Creek Accuracy NA Notes LLID:1229211473537,Stock Name:Case Inlet Fall Chum,Run: Fall,Status:Healthy Source Record 2229 Source Dataset SASI Source Name Not Given Source Entity WDFW Fish Program Federal Status Not Warranted State Status N/A PHS Listing Status PHS Listed Occurrence Sensitive N SGCN N Display Resolution AS MAPPED More Info hftp://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/diversty/soc/soc.htm Geometry Type Lines Scientific Name Oncorhynchus keta Priority Area Occurrence/Migration Site Name Schumacher Creek Accuracy NA Notes LLID: 1229211473537,Fish Name:Chum Salmon,Run Time:Fall, Life History:Anadromous Source Record 54890 Source Dataset SWIFD Federal Status N/A State Status N/A PHS Listing Status PHS Listed Occurrence Sensitive N SGCN N Display Resolution AS MAPPED More Info Mp://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/diversty/soc/soc.htm Geometry Type Lines 4/7 PHS Report Winter Steelhead Scientific Name Oncorhynchus mykiss Priority Area Occurrence/Migration Site Name Schumacher Creek Accuracy NA Notes LLID:1229211473537, Fish Name:Steelhead Trout,Run Time: Winter,Life History:Anadromous Source Record 54898 Source Dataset SWIFD Federal Status N/A State Status N/A PHS Listing Status PHS Listed Occurrence Sensitive N SGCN N Display Resolution AS MAPPED More Info http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/diversty/soc/soc.htm Geometry Type Lines Steelhead Scientific Name Oncorhynchus mykiss Priority Area Occurrence Site Name Shumocher Creek Accuracy NA Notes LLID: 1229211473537,Stock Name:Case/Carr Inlets Winter Steelhead,Run:Winter,Status:Unknown Source Record 6218 Source Dataset SASI Source Name Not Given Source Entity WDFW Fish Program Federal Status Threatened State Status N/A PHS Listing Status PHS Listed Occurrence Sensitive N SGCN N Display Resolution AS MAPPED More Info http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/diversty/soc/soc.htm Geometry Type Lines 5/7 PHS Report Scientific Name Oncorhynchus kisutch Priority Area Occurrence/Migration Site Name Schumacher Creek Accuracy NA Notes LLID: 1229211473537, Fish Name:Coho Salmon,Run Time: Unknown or not Applicable,Life History:Anadromous Source Record 54893 Source Dataset SWIFD Federal Status N/A State Status N/A PHS Listing Status PHS Listed Occurrence Sensitive N SGCN N _. Display Resolution AS MAPPED More Info http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/diversty/soc/soc.htm Geometry Type Lines Scientific Name Oncorhynchus keta Priority Area Occurrence Site Name Shumocher Creek Accuracy NA Notes LLID: 1229211473537,Stock Name:Case Inlet Summer Chum, Run:Summer,Status:Healthy Source Record 2227 Source Dataset SASI Source Name Not Given Source Entity WDFW Fish Program Federal Status Not Warranted State Status N/A PHS Listing Status PHS Listed Occurrence Sensitive N SGCN N Display Resolution AS MAPPED More Info hftp://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/diversty/soc/soc.htm Geometry Type Lines s/7 PHS Report Freshwater Forested/Shrub Wetland Priority Area Aquatic Habitat Site Name N/A Accuracy NA Notes Wetland System: Freshwater Forested/Shrub Wetland-NWI Code: PSSC Source Dataset NWIWetlands Source Name Not Given Source Entity US Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Status N/A State Status N/A PHS Listing Status PHS Listed Occurrence Sensitive N SGCN N Display Resolution AS MAPPED ManagementRecommendations http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/wetlands/bas/index.html Geometry Type Polygons Freshwater Forested/Shrub Wetland Priority Area Aquatic Habitat Site Name N/A Accuracy NA Notes Wetland System:Freshwater Forested/Shrub Wetland-NWI Code: PSSC Source Dataset NWIWetlands Source Name Not Given Source Entity US Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Status N/A State Status N/A PHS Listing Status PHS Listed Occurrence Sensitive N SGCN N Display Resolution AS MAPPED ManagementRecommendations http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/wetlands/bas/index.html Geometry Type Polygons DISCLAIMER.This report includes information that the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife(WDFW)maintains in a central computer database.It is not an attempt to provide you with an official agency response as to the impacts of your project on fish and wildlife.This information only documents the location of fish and wildlife resources to the best of our knowledge. It is not a complete inventory and it is important to note that fish and wildlife resources may occur in areas not currently known to WDFW biologists,or in areas for which comprehensive surveys have not been conducted.Site specific surveys are frequently necesssary to rule out the presence of priority resources.Locations of fish and wildlife resources are subject to variation caused by disturbance,changes in season and weather,and other factors.WDFW does not recommend using reports more than six months old. 7n Living wilt 1 Batsr _ °4 Bats are highly beneficial to people, and the advantages of having them around far outweigh any problems you might have with them. As predators of night-flying insects (including mosquitoes!),bats play a role in preserving the natural balance of your property or neighborhood. Although swallows and other bird species consume large numbers of ~_ flying insects, they generally feed only in daylight. When night falls, bats take over: a nursing female little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) may consume her body weight in insects each night during the summer. Contrary to some widely held views, bats are not blind and do not become entangled in peoples' hair. If a flying bat comes close to your J head, it's probably because it is hunting insects that have been attracted Figure 1.Big brown bat by your body heat. Less than one bat in 20,000 has rabies, and no (Photo by Ty Smedes) Washington bats feed on blood. More than 15 species of bats live in Washington, from the common little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) to the rare Townsend's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii). Head to tail, bats range in length from the 2.5-inch-long canyon bat (Parastrellus hesperus), to the 6-inch long hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus). The hoary bat has a body approximately the size of a house sparrow and a wingspan of 17 inches. The species most often seen flying around human habitat include the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), Yuma myotis (Myotis yumanensis), big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus, Fig. 1), pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus), and California myotis (Myotis californicus). Facts about Washington's Bats Food and Feeding Behavior • Washington bat species eat vast quantities of night-flying Figure 2.Bats are the only insects, including moths, beetles, mosquitoes, termites, true flying mammals and they and flies. belong to the mammalian 4= order Chiroptera, which means "hand-wing."The bones in a ' Most bats hunt in flight or hang from a perch and wait bat's wing work like those of for a passing insect to fly or walk within range. Y} the human arm and band, but The pallid ba t captures crickets, bat finger bones are greatly P Pgrasshoppers, spiders, elongated and connected by a scorpions, and other prey on trees or on the ground. double membrane of skin to . Bats locate flying insects primarily by using a radar system form the wing. known as "echolocation."The bat emits high-pitched (Oregon Department of Fish and sound waves that bounce back to the bat when they strike Wildlife.) a flying insect. A bat locates prey by interpreting the reflected sounds. • Bats often capture insects when flying by scooping them into their tail or wing membranes, and then putting the insects into their mouth (Fig. 3). This results in the erratic flight most people are familiar with when they observe bats feeding in the evening. • Bats will fly 1/2 to 6 miles from their roost to a feeding site, using 46 , temporary roost sites there until returning to their • _,�'j main roost. Hibernation Sites • To cope with winter Figure 3.Bats often capture insects when flying by scooping them into their tail or conditions,most bats use a wing membranes,and then putting the insects into their mouth. hibernation site, called a (Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.) "hibernaculum." (See "Bats in the Winter.") • Hibernation sites include cavities in large trees, caves, mine shafts,tunnels, old wells, and attics. • The hibernaculum protects the bats from predators, light, noise, and other disturbances. Temperatures in the hibernaculum must be cool enough to allow bats to maintain a low body temperature but not freeze; humidity must be high and constant enough to prevent bats from dehydrating. • Bats hibernate alone or in groups, and enter hibernation sites in late September or October. Nursery Sites • Most Washington bats breed during late fall or winter at their hibernation site. Females store sperm until the following spring, when fertilization takes place after the females rouse from hibernation. • The young,called"pups,"are born and raised in nursery colonies occupied only by breeding females and their young. • Males roost alone or in small groups during this time,leaving the warm roosts and optimal feeding grounds to females. • Attics are often used as nursery sites because they maintain the warm temperatures, from 85 to 104 degrees F needed for raising young; the heat actually speeds the development of bat pups,both during fetal development and after birth. • Most bat species produce one pup in May,June, or July; the specific dates depend on the species, locality, and weather. • In the nursery, the young remain with their mothers and suckle frequently. • Pups are unable to fly for about a month, and are left in the nursery when the mother hunts. • Female bats may return to the exact location where they were born year after year. Mortality and Longevity • Bats have few predators. Hawks, owls, house cats, and raccoons occasionally prey upon them. • Heavy storms kill bats during migrations, and long winters can kill even more of them. • Through habitat alteration, commercial pesticide use, and control practices, humans are a main source of mortality among bats. Exposure to pesticides kills bats either directly through exposure, or indirectly through ingestion of sprayed insects. • For their size, bats are the world's longest-lived mammals. The big brown bat has been recorded to live 19 years in the wild. The record for a little brown bat is 33 years. Viewing Washington's Bats The safest way to view and enjoy bats is to watch them in action. Bats are fascinating flyers, zigging and zagging about as they chase and eat insects. Little brown bats and Yuma bats prefer to hunt over water. Big brown bats are often seen hunting along the margins of wooded areas, or silhouetted against the lighter sky as they twist and turn high above the tree canopy. It's also fun to watch bats drink,which they usually do first thing after leaving their day roost. They scoop up mouthfuls of water with their lower jaws as they fly over lakes, streams, ponds, or water troughs. Most bats do not come out to eat or drink in heavy rain or when the air temperature remains below 50 degrees F. To view bats, follow these tips: Choose a warm summer evening and a place where you can sit and view the place where bats will emerge from a roost site or have been spotted in the air. When waiting for bats to emerge from a roost site, such as an attic or bat house, remain still and quiet, and listen for the squeaks or clicks that many species make before emerging. Some species of bats begin their night flights 20 to 30 minutes before dark—the common big brown bat may be out foraging earlier. The rare canyon bat from the and regions of Washington emerges before the sun goes down, and has been seen foraging with violet-green swallows. Other species don't emerge until after dark. The best places to see bats in flight are where night-flying insects abound, such as next to a stream, lake, or pond, over a meadow or large lawn, along a forest edge, or around bright streetlights or porch lights. With the aid of an inexpensive, commercial bat detector, listen for the echolocation calls bats make when navigating and locating prey. Bats in the Winter With few flying insects available to them during winter in Washington, bats survive by hibernating, migrating to regions where insects are available, or a combination of these strategies. During hibernation, metabolic activities are greatly reduced—a bat's normal body temperature of around 100 degrees F is reduced to just one or two degrees higher than that of the hibernaculum, and their heart rate slows to only one beat every four or five seconds.A hibernating bat can thus survive on only a few grams of stored fat during the five- to six-month hibernation period. Banding studies indicate that little brown bats will migrate 120 miles between hibernacula and summer roosts, and, if undisturbed, they occupy the same site year after year. They select areas in the hibernaculum where there is high humidity (70-95 percent), and the temperature is 34 to 41 degrees F. Still, there are some species, such as the big brown bat, that can hibernate in relatively exposed situations in buildings where there is considerable fluctuation in temperature. Hibernation lasts until April or early May, but in coastal regions bats may arouse in late winter—little brown bats have been found feeding in the Puget Sound region in mid-March. It is important not to disturb hibernating bats. If a bat rouses early from hibernation, it must use its fat reserves to increase its body temperature.A single disturbance probably costs a bat as much energy as it would normally expend in two to three weeks hibernating. Thus, if disturbed multiple times, hibernating bats may starve to death before spring. It is important not to disturb roosting bats at any time of the year. In the spring, disturbing a maternity colony when flightless young are present may cause young bats to be dropped to their deaths, or abandoned, by panicked females. Because some bats hibernate in buildings during the winter months, batproof a building only when you are sure no bats are hibernating in it. If bats are found hibernating inside after October 15,they should be left alone until early spring (prior to the birthing period in May) after the weather has warmed enough for insects to be out regularly. Meanwhile, seal all potential entry points into human living spaces, and develop a plan so the exclusion process can be accomplished effectively in spring (see "Bats Roosting in Buildings"). Bat Houses Some bat species prefer man-made structures to their natural roosts, whereas others are forced to roost in buildings when natural roosts, such as caves and hollow trees, are destroyed. Two bat species that frequently use bat houses are the little brown bat and the big brown bat. A well-designed, well-constructed, and properly located bat house may attract these and other bats if they live in or pass through your general area. For bats living in Washington, especially west of the Cascades,bat houses should be painted with multiple coats of flat black exterior latex paint and placed where they will receive full sun. A house baking in the sun is what our bats need and seek—a nice warm place to raise their young, and that lets them decrease their metabolic needs during roosting. Build or buy a bat house that is at least 2 feet tall and 14 or more inches wide (see WDFW weblink). Bigger is better.A roughened or screen-covered landing platform measuring 3 to 6 inches should extend below the house. The house can be single-chambered or multi-chambered, but chambers should be 3/a to 1 inch wide—a variety of sizes is good to provide for the needs of different species. The houses should be caulked during construction and preferably be screwed together. The idea is to create a tight microclimate inside the house capable of trapping both the heat captured during the day and the warmth generated by the bats. Place the house in full sun, preferably on its own pole; the next-best location is on the southern side of a building in full sun. The optimal temperature range is between 85 and 104 degrees F. Don't put it on a tree, as it will be in too much shade and too close to perch sites used by hawks and owls. Keep the area around the entrance clear of obstructions for 20 feet. Don't worry that adding a bat house to your property will encourage bats to move into your attic or wall space. If bats liked your attic or wall spaces,they would probably already be living there. (See "Additional Information and Resources" for more on bat house design, placement, and maintenance.) Preventing Conflicts For some people bats don't present a problem. For others,bats can be a worry, especially when they become unwanted guests in an attic, inside a wall of a home, or inside the home itself. Unlike rodents, bats only have small teeth for eating insects, so they do not gnaw holes in walls, shred material for nests, chew electrical wiring, or cause structural damage to buildings. Damage caused by bats is usually minimal, but they can be noisy and alarming, and the smell of bats and their droppings can be offensive. It is possible to learn to coexist with bats, and to benefit from their presence. If a conflict arises, first make sure bats are the cause by observing the following: Bat droppings: Bats defecate before entering buildings and places where they roost. In buildings where there is an attic roost or a roost in a wall, an accumulation of droppings may fall through cracks and stain ceilings and walls. Insects associated with bat droppings rarely bother humans. Droppings are usually the size of a grain of rice, crumble easily between the fingers, and contain shiny, undigested bits of insects. The droppings of mice are much harder and more fibrous. Bat sounds: Bats often squeak before leaving their roost at night, and may chatter on hot days when they move around seeking refuge from the heat. Baby bats separated from their mothers will squeak continuously.All these sounds are loud enough to be heard from a distance of up to 30 feet. Thus, an increase in such noises near dusk probably indicates bats. Scrambling, scratching, and thumping sounds coming from attics i and walls at night may be caused by rats, mice, flying squirrels, opossums, or raccoons. In rare cases, chirping and rustling sounds in a chimney at night may be caused by swifts (birds similar to swallows). Bat odors: Bats produce a musky solution from their scent glands A. and their roosts may take on a strong musky odor.Areas occupied by rats and mice also often have a musky smell. Bats Roosting in Buildings Like other wild animals, bats will seek shelter in an attic, wall, chimney, or other area of a structure. Bats are able to squeeze Figure 4. The lateral view of a big brown through surprisingly narrow slits and cracks; the smaller species bat skull. Unlike rodents, bats do not gnaw need only a '/z-inch opening. holes in walls,shred material for nests, chew When bats occupy a house, homeowners often feel they have a electrical wiring, or cause structural damage crisis they must deal with immediately. But in fact they may have to buildings. been living with the bats for years. The following are suggestions (From Verts and Carraway,Land Mammals of for reducing conflicts: Oregon.) Excluding Bats The best way to get rid of bats is also the safest—both for the bats and the humans involved. This is to humanly exclude them. However, because old buildings offer many points of entry it may be impossible to completely exclude bats from them, or from those with shake or cedar shingle roofs that have no underlayment. A wildlife damage control company experienced in excluding bats can be hired, or you can do the exclusion work yourself(see WDFW link, this is a short one and I can send it to ASAP if needed). In attics and areas where large numbers of bats have been roosting for years, it is safer for you to hire a professional to do the work, including the cleanup of accumulated droppings. Note: Never trap flightless young or adult bats inside a structure; this is needlessly cruel to the bats inside and can create a serious odor problem (see "Bats in the Winter" for important information about when not to exclude bats). Trapping and relocating bats is not recommended. Traps can be fatal to bats if left unattended and can quickly become overcrowded. In addition, bats have excellent homing instincts and,when released, they may simply return to the capture area.Yuma myotis bats released 240 miles from their roost have found their way back. Prior to excluding bats, consider partitioning bats off from the area where they are in conflict with humans, and allowing them to roost elsewhere in the structure. An effective partition can be made from construction grade plastic sheeting and wooden battens.Another consideration is to provide an alternate roost site, such as a properly designed and installed bat house mounted close to one of their exits. Install the bat house before excluding the bats as described below. The following will work to exclude bats from most structures: Option A—Build bats out: From mid-October to mid-March, when bats should still be hibernating, or after you have made sure no bats are roosting in the attic or other area, seal all potential entry holes (see Fig. 5). Entering the attic during the day may reveal light shining through otherwise unnoticed cracks and holes. Insert pieces of fiberglass insulation or bits of stick in these holes to mark them for repair from the outside. Large openings can be sealed off with aluminum flashing, wood, or 1/4-inch mesh hardware cloth. Small holes around pipes, cracks, and gaps in shakes and tiles can be stuffed with balled-up galvanized window screening, pieces of fiberglass insulation, copper Stuff-it®, or copper or stainless-steel mesh scouring pads (steel wool will quickly corrode after becoming wet). Use weather-stripping, caulk, or expandable foam to seal spaces around doors, windows, and vents, and replace loose boards and roofing materials. Close the damper in the fireplace. If caulk or expandable foam is used, apply it early in the day so that it is set up and no longer sticky if bats inspect the area in the evening. If there are large areas to be foamed, it may be worth purchasing a foam gun of the type used in building construction. Foam is very messy to use, so wear gloves when applying it, and don't get it on your clothes or skin. Figure 5. Common entry points used by bats. Down chimneys and where chimneys and other masonry meet the side of a house Joints between window frames and house siding Joints around large exterior beams At building corners ;. '- Where pipes or wires penetrate the ceiling or walls in attics - Between porches or other additions and the main house At roof edges, ridge caps, soffits, and fascia boards Where walls meet eaves at the gable ends of an attic In gaps under shingles. (Bat Conservation International.) The advantage of caulk over foam is that it comes in a variety of colors and it is easier to apply. Before purchasing, check the label to make sure the caulk can be painted. Insulation blown into wall spaces may be an effective barrier, but it must be done when bats are absent to avoid trapping them in the fill. If bats are present, holes can also be blocked over a period of days early in the evening after the bats have left the structure to feed. Do this only from mid-August to mid-October (after the young bats have learned to fly and before cold weather arrives).Another window of opportunity occurs in early spring, before the birthing period in May. For several days, bat counts should be made as holes are closed, leaving the main exit open. On the night of the final count after the bats have left, the main hole should be plugged to prevent their reentry. The following evening, the plugging should be removed to allow any remaining bats to leave before the exit is sealed. Option B —Harassment: If bats are present and have to be excluded, persuade them to move to one of their alternate roost sites by creating an undesirable atmosphere. The time to do this is from mid-August to mid-October, after the young bats have learned to fly and before cold weather arrives. Another window of opportunity occurs in early spring, before the birthing period in May. Bats don't like to roost under bright,windy, or noisy conditions. Therefore, locate the area where bats are roosting and light the area with a bright light, such as a mechanic's drop-light or trouble light, located away from burnable objects. (Use a fluorescent light to save on electricity and keep the heat level down.) In addition, aim a fan and a loud radio at the bats. Begin the harassment process shortly before dark and keep it in place day and night. Because bats may move to a dark, protected area, you may need to move the lights and other equipment, or install them in various areas. Putting up sheets of plastic to separate the bats from the rest of the area can be effective, but make sure you don't block the bats' exit or exits. Commercially available ultrasonic devices may be effective if they are Figure 6. A one-way door allows bats to placed in a small, confined area with exit a structure, but prevents them from the roosting bats. Since bats can hear reentering. Hang a sheet of construction grade high frequency sounds, these devices, plastic, screen-door material, or lightweight / inaudible to humans, supposedly polypropylene netting(112 inch mesh)over bombard the bat's range with the exit. Use staples or duct tape to attach jackhammer-like noise. the material to the building. The one-way door should extend 18 to 24 inches below the Naphthalene flakes or mothballs should bottom edge of the opening.Leave the material not be used to exclude bats. These loose enough to flop back after each bat exits. contain chemicals that can be toxic to (Bat Conservation International.) humans and other life forms; poisoned " bats may fall to the ground where they die slowly and are more likely to come into contact with children or pets. If the exclusion process was successful, immediately seal up the exits to prevent bats from reentering. If necessary, install a chimney cover, available from home improvement centers. Option C—Install exclusion devices: Again, from mid-August to mid-October (after the young bats have learned to fly and before cold weather arrives), or in early spring (before the birthing period in May), identify the exit(s) bats are using. Have friends or family members stationed at the corners of the structure after sunset on a warm calm night. They need to be far enough away to see as much of the structure as possible without having to turn their heads; it takes only a second for a bat to exit and take flight. Note which side of the structure bats are seen from. On subsequent nights, focus your attention there to locate the exit hole. Remember this hole can be as small as '/z-inch. Bats often defecate when exiting and reentering a building, so look closely for rice-sized black droppings clinging to the side of the structure. If droppings are observed, the exit hole will be directly above it. (To make sure droppings are new, remove the existing droppings or lay down newspaper over them to see if more droppings appear.) Bat body oils may also discolor a well-used opening. Seal all entry holes but one using the methods described in Option A. Exclude bats by covering the one existing entry hole with a device that allows bats to exit the structure,but prevents them from reentering (see Figs. 6-10). Install the exclusion devices during the day and leave them in place for five to seven days (longer during particularly cool or rainy Figure 7. One-way tubes weather). work where one-way doors won't, such as on horizontal When bats are using surfaces.A flexible pipe or multiple openings to cardboard tube is easy to fit exit and enter, exclusion into a crevice or cut to create devices should be placed flaps that can be fit over an opening and be stapled, Hole Seal openings around outside of tube ' with caulk on each opening, unless nailed, or taped to a building Insert tube into exit hole. you can be sure that all (Fig. 8). Do not let the tube roosting areas used by project more than '/4-inch the bats are connected. If into the opening to make all the roosting areas are sure that bats can easily enter connected, all but one the tube. For smaller holes cut flaps or two exit holes can be (Bat Conservation �� into end of tube. sealed as described below. International.) position tube over exit hole f and tape or staple in place. Place exclusion devices over the one or two remaining exit holes. However, if the colony contains Figure 8. One-way tubes should be at least 2-inches in a hundred bats or more,which is diameter, 10 inches in length,and have a smooth interior common, leaving only one exit point so bats are unable to cling to the inside. One-way tubes can create a"bat log jam." In these can be made from PVC pipe,flexible plastic tubing, cases,some bats might start looking empty caulking tubes,or dryer vent hose. To for alternative ways out of the roost reduce the likelihood of bats reentering, a area, leading to bats finding their way piece of plastic sheeting can be taped into human-occupied areas. So, always around the exit end of the tube. watch to make sure bats are able to (Bat Conservation International) exit freely. If they do not appear to be i Fold and secure ntocrevice. netting exiting, or appear to be having trouble bi it crevice with 100%silicone caulk. ~ t i6'heavy weight netting ' doing so, open additional exits. t � After all bats have been excluded, remove the exclusion devices and immediately seal up the exits to prevent bats from reentering. If Figure 9. Some areas have r - to• -- --� necessary, install a chimney cover, �' F available from home improvement lengthy crevices used by bats. ' PVC Pipe centers. Multiple exclusion tubes will LO need to be placed every few or out both ends off caulk tube. Bats Roosting above Porches feet along the length of each ca�iknee and Other Areas crevice;spaces between the tubes should be closed with Bats temporarily roost above porch- heavyweight netting or other es or under overhangs at night to eat material. The same procedure large prey, digest, rest, and socialize. can be used in lengthy crevices Tape In such cases, they may frighten created where flashing has Clear plastic sleeve humans, or their droppings may pulled away from a wall. oi diameter PVC or modified caulk tube accumulate. Nontoxic aerosol sprays, (Bat Conservation International.) designed to repel dogs and cats, can prevent bats from night-roosting in these areas. The spray is applied Figure 10. One-way tubes for chimneys. by day when bats are Line one side of the 1/4-inch If bats are roosting inside a chimney, not present, and is hardware cloth with window construct a wire cage from t/a-inch mesh reported to be effective screen.Attach with cable ties. hardware cloth.Insert a modified section for several months. of 2 inch PVC pipe through holes cut Make a 45 degree angle cut in the sides o the wire cage. further However, aerosol evenly to each corner. f To repellents are not an reduce the likelihood of bats reentering, adequate substitute for Cut 2-inch diameter holes a piece of plastic sheeting can be taped excluding bats that are into wire mesh.Make sure around the exit ends of the tube. using the area as a day holes align with each other. (Bat Conservation International.) roost, and should never Bend wire mesh at cuts to create a be applied when bats cap that fits tightly over chimney. • are in a roost. pelAttach plastic sleeves Mylar balloons or + to ends of tubes. strips of aluminum foil Cut length of 2-inch diameter Secure wire mesh cap to chimney with wire hung from the porch PVC pipe and trim as shown. r ©o or silicone caulk. ceiling and allowed to 0_ IMPORTANT:Inside edges of PVC pipe o0 move in the breeze may o0 must be level with wire cage so bats �o also discourage bats can climb directly into tubes from the ?�� from roostin in that wire screening.(If edges of pipes extend g too far into the cage,bats may not be able area. to crawl over the slick surface to exit.) Public Health Concerns Large accumulations of bat droppings may harbor histoplasmosis fungi spores, which when inhaled can result in a lung infection referred to as "histo."No histo cases have been reported in Washington, but precautions should be followed when cleaning or removing large accumulations of bat droppings. Call your local health department for recommendations. Rabies People are more often concerned about bats because of rabies, a virus that affects the nervous system of all mammals, including humans. Rabies is spread when the saliva of an infected animal enters another body through a bite or scratch, or makes contact with their eyes, nose, mouth, or a break in the skin. There is little risk of contracting rabies from a bat as long as you exercise caution. People cannot get rabies from touching bat droppings, blood or urine, or fur. Five to 10 percent of sick, injured, or dead bats tested by the Washington State Department of Health (WDH) have rabies; however,WDH estimates that probably less than 1 percent of the native wild bat population has rabies. If a bat does contract rabies, it is unlikely to be a threat to humans as long as simple precautions are followed. Most bats infected with rabies become paralyzed and fall to the ground. (Note:Young bats also fall to the ground when learning to fly. They may also have hit a window and been stunned, or simply be cold and unable to fly.) This means a person may contract rabies from a bat only if they pick up a sick bat, which then bites the person in self-defense. Thus,if you do not handle bats,your odds of contracting rabies are extremely small. If you think you have been bitten, scratched, or exposed to rabies via a bat: 1. Wash any wound or other area that came into contact with the bat thoroughly with soap and water. 2. Capture or isolate the bat, if you can,without risking further contact (see "Bat Encounters Inside or Outside Your Home" for safe capture techniques). The captured bat will be sent to a laboratory for rabies testing. 3. Call your doctor or local health department.An evaluation of the potential of rabies exposure and the need for follow-up treatment will be done. Arrangements to have the bat tested for rabies, if necessary, will also be made. People usually know when a bat has bitten them. However, because bats have small teeth and claws,the marks may be difficult to see. Contact your local health department or your doctor in the following situations, even in the absence of an obvious bite or scratch. In such cases, the bat should be captured for testing: 1.A bat is found in a room with a sleeping person. 2.A bat is found in a room with an unattended child. 3.A bat is found near a child outside. 4.A bat is found in a room with a person under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or who has another sensory or mental impairment. What About Rabies and Your Pet? Once dogs presented the major domestic risk of rabies,but now cats do. Routine rabies vaccination is not as widely practiced with our domestic cats as with dogs.Yet cats often play or hunt in natural areas. All cats should be vaccinated for rabies, even indoor cats. The National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians publishes the Compendium of Animal Rabies Control yearly. These guidelines are clear: An unvaccinated animal that comes in contact with a potentially rabid animal (bats in Washington) that cannot be tested should (1) be euthanized; or (2) be held in strict quarantine for six months. Few people are willing to do either. The message for everyone is: vaccinate your pets! Dogs require vaccination against several diseases. Puppies begin their series of vaccinations at six to eight weeks of age, and annual boosters are necessary to maintain immunity. Bat Encounters Inside or Outside Your Home r' In spring and fall, migrating bats may temporarily roost outside on window screens, fence posts, piles of lumber,and other unlikely places. If a bat is seen roosting outside during daylight hours, leave it alone. It will probably be gone the following morning. If a bat flies into your home it's probably a juvenile learning to fly, a solitary male following prey, or an adult that has been excluded from its roost. Bats often enter through an open door or window, or by coming down a chimney into an unused fireplace. If a bat is found inside during the day,confine it to one room. Place a towel under doors to prevent the bat from moving into other parts of the house. Leave the area alone until nightfall. At nightfall (if you are sure the bat has not been in contact with humans or pets),turn off any lights in the room where the bat is confined, open all doors and windows that lead outside, and stand in the corner. This allows you to - watch the bat while staying out of its way. (If you must move around the room, stay as near to the wall as possible.) Be prepared to watch the bat for up to 20 minutes. Normally, the bat will fly around the room to orient itself, and then leave. If the bat seems to have disappeared but you didn't see it leave, it may be s perched somewhere, such as behind a curtain, in hanging clothes, or in a J houseplant. The bat will generally choose a high place to roost. Moving these things around with a broomstick may arouse the bat. �4 If the bat doesn't leave, it can be caught and released outdoors away from l people and pets. Approach the bat slowly and place a container (small box, Figure 11.Bats can be caught large glass,Tupperware container, coffee can) over it. Next, gently slide a piece and released outdoors away of cereal box paper or cardboard underneath the bat (be gentle—bats are fragile from people and pets. animals). Using the paper as a cover, take the bat outside. The ideal release pro- (Bat Conservation International.) cedure is to place the container against a tree, slowly slide the paper away, and then remove the container. Releasing the bat against a tree allows the bat to rest safe from potential predators—like the neighbor's cat. You may also catch the bat using a pair of leather gloves and a pillowcase. (Never handle a bat with your bare hands.) Put your gloved hand inside the pillowcase and gently place it over the bat.Then fold the pillowcase over the bat so it is inside. Take the bat outdoors and safely release it on a rough tree trunk or lightly shake the pillowcase until the bat flies off. In the absence of a container or pillowcase and gloves, a thick towel can be used. Roll the bat up gently and release it outside. Note: State wildlife offices do not provide bat removal services, but they can provide names of individuals or companies that do. To find such help yourself, look up "Animal Control," "Wildlife Control," or "Pest Control" in you phone directory. Legal Status Many Washington bats are currently being studied and may be recommended for protection under the Endangered Species Act. For current legal status and other information, contact your local wildlife office. All species of bats are classified as protected wildlife and cannot be hunted, trapped, or killed (WAC 232-12011). The Department of Fish and Wildlife makes exceptions for bats found in or immediately adjacent to a dwelling or other occupied building. In such cases,these animals may legally be removed and no permit is necessary (WAC 23212-011). Additional Information Books Ingles,L. G.Mammals of the Pacific States. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1965. Link, Russell.Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press and the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1999. Link, Russell.Living with Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press and the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2004. Maser, Chris.Mammals of the Pacific Northwest:From the Coast to the High Cascades. Corvalis: Oregon State University Press, 1998. Nagorsen, David W., and Mark R. Brigham. Bats of British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press, 1993. Tuttle, Merlin D.,and Donna L. Hensley. The Bat House Builder's Book.Austin, TX: Bat Conservation International, 1995; University of Texas Press, 2001. Organizations and Internet Resources Burke Museum's Mammals of Washington: www.washington.edu/burkemuseunVmammalogy/mamwash2.html Bat Conservation International www.batcon.org Bats Northwest www.batsnorthwest.org Adapted from "Living with Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest" (see http://wdfwwa.gov/wInVliving.htm) Written by: Russell Link, WDFW Urban Wildlife Biologist, Linkrel@dfw.wa.gov Design and layout: Peggy Ushakoff, ITT2 Illustrations: As credited Copyright 2004 by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. This program receives Federal financial assistance from the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service. It is the policy of the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife(WDFW)to adhere to the following:Title VI of —iL Washington the Civil Rights Act of 1964,Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973,Title II of the Americans with Department o/ Disabilities Act of 1990,the Age Discrimination Act of 1975,and Title IX of the Education Amendments ji j,SH a„d of 1972. The U.S.Department of the Interior and its bureaus prohibit discrimination on the bases of race, WILDLIFE color,national origin,age,disability and sex(in educational programs). If you believe that you have been discriminated against in any program,activity or facility,please contact the WDFW ADA Coordinator at 600 Capitol Way North,Olympia,Washington 98501-