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Home My WebLink AboutProposed Pressure Zones Interconnection Project - PLN General - 7/28/2008 D RAY T O N ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF BELFAIR WATER DISTRICT'S PROPOSED PRESSURE ZONES INTERCONNECTION PROJECT,BELFAIR,WA r Y r BY STEPHANIE L.NEIL,M.A. PRINCIPAL: GARTH L. BALDWIN,M.A., RPA PREPARED FOR: ' DAVE TIPTON,MANAGER BELFAIR WATER DISTRICT#1 ? 1?l \ a 22451 E STATE RouTE 3 BELFAIR,WA 98528 DAR T EcumCAL REPORT: 0708E JULY 28,2008 9108 Odell Rd. Blaine, WA 98230 - (360) 739-2443 - draytonarchaeology.com Table of Contents Summary.............................................................................................................................4 Introduction.........................................................................................................................4 RegulatoryContext..........................................................................................................4 Project Location/Area of Potential Effect(APE)................................................................5 ProjectSetting.....................................................................................................................6 Geomorphological Context.............................................................................................6 Environmental Context.................................................................................................... 7 CulturalContext..............................................................................................................8 Previous Archaeology and Ethnographic Work................................................................ 13 Expectations...................................................................................................................... 15 FieldMethodology............................................................................................................ 15 Results............................................................................................................................... 16 GeologicObservations.................................................................................................. 16 Archaeological Observations........................................................................................ 17 Recommendations............................................................................................................. 17 WorksCited...................................................................................................................... 19 Cultural Resources Survey Cover Sheet...........................................................................26 Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 2 of 26 Table of Figures Figure 1. A portion of the USGS Belfair quad map illustrating the DAR surveyed project area......................................................................................................................................6 Figure 2. View north in the upper portion of the project area with typical vegetation....... 8 Figure 3 Timber cruise map of Section 28 from 1910 showing roads, general topography, soils, and vegetation (Wade 1910).................................................................................... 13 Figure 4. Typical soil revealed in SP 3............................................................................. 17 Appendix A: Shovel Probe Data Table.............................................................................24 Appendix B: Archaeological Testing Map, SPs 1-43.......................................................25 Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 3 of 26 Archaeological Investigations of Belfair Water District's Proposed Pressure Zones Interconnection Project,Belfair,WA Author: Stephanie L.Neil,and Garth L. Baldwin Date: July 28,2008 Location: Mason County, Washington USGS Quad: Belfair(1989) T,R, S: Township 23N,Range 1 W, Section 28 WM Summary This report describes the results of an archaeological survey for Belfair Water District's (BWD)proposed pressure zones interconnection project. The proposed project would extend the main water line through property owned by the Overton family. The project will be conducted by Belfair Water District#1 with partial funding from the United States Department of Agriculture(USDA)Rural Development and the project must comply with the National Environmental Policy Act(NEPA). Under NEPA is the consideration for historic properties, as defined by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA)and the implementing regulations at 36CFR800. The NI-IPA and 36CFR800 is more commonly known as Section 106 or the Section 106 process. When issuing any permits or while participating in any action the USDA has an obligation to comply with Section 106 of the NHPA;therefore, Drayton Archaeological Research LLC (DAR)was contracted to conduct the study at the request of Dave Tipton, Manager for Belfair Water District. The DAR study is a partial requirement of Section 106 and was undertaken to identify any historic properties in the Area of Potential Effect (APE). As part of the project,DAR conducted background research,a field study and compiled this report.As part of the field study,the project area was surveyed and 7 shovel probes (SPs)were excavated.No historic resources were located during the survey. DAR recommends the USDA assert a Determination of No Historic Properties Affected to the State Historic Preservation Officer(SHPO)and any other consulting or affected parties for the subject undertaking. Introduction Regulatory Context The subject investigation was conducted to satisfy regulatory requirements for obtaining NEPA compliance. It is the responsibility of USDA as the primary agent of the United States to comply with the regulations of Section 106, as amended. Under Section 106,the agent(s)involved in an undertaking with the potential to affect historic properties must Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 4 of 26 consider the effects of those actions and consult with affected parties. A historic property is defined at 36 CFR part 800.16(1)(1), as follows: Historic property means any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object included in, or eligible for inclusion in,the National Register of Historic Places maintained by the Secretary of the Interior. This term includes artifacts, records, and remains that are related to and located within such properties. The term includes properties of traditional religious and cultural importance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization and that meet the National Register criteria. Minimally,the agency must consult with and seek comment from the SHPO and/or a Tribal Historic Preservation Officer(THPO) with jurisdiction over the property (should it be located within the exterior boundaries of land set aside as reserve for Native Americans). In the cases where the SHPO has authority the agent must include consultation with any affected or potentially affected Native American Tribe(s). In the case of the Belfair Water District's project there were no known historic properties within the APE. However,the USDA is obligated to carry out a good faith effort to identify historic properties (36 CFR part 800.04). The pedestrian survey and subsurface testing was, in our opinion, a good faith effort to identify surface and/or buried historic properties in the APE. Project Location/Area of Potential Effect(APE) The proposed project is a utilities project located on the slopes above the head of Hood Canal in Mason County, WA. The project proposal calls for installation of a new underground water line on property owned by Overton and Associates. The line is approximately 3500 ft. long and runs through parcels 123282100000 and 123282400000 in the NW 1/4 of Section 28, Township 23 North, Range 1 West, of the Willamette Meridian (WM), Belfair 7.5 minute quadrangle map (Figure 1). Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 5 of 26 13 :=T E. 514000rt . NAD27 Zone IOT 51 � 0m . 3x i E - 1 0 - 2 Q t 1 3S2x I _ V O 2 2 • t. ., / _ C O In _0 tlYR 1Lr gyp" 0 MI K x D j am(fi nQ 1 O 0 Muo 4Xch Cove .i Q ti 1 311000-E. 512000-E. 313060-E. 51400=mE. NAD27 Zone IOT 515000-E. V%DZ 0 s NMIf 3' 0 I=FEEL 0_4� MEt(N$ Pnnr-d 5r=:O?O'.C2001 National GwuWhic Holdmn;—t .com) Figure 1.A portion of the USGS Belfair quad map illustrating the DAR surveyed project area. Project Setting The project area is located on a hillside above the Union River near the head of Hood Canal. The proposed line runs from near the top of a broad ridge down towards the valley ranging from approximately 150 to 340 ft. in elevation. Aspect is to the southwest. Slopes are fairly steep on the side of the hill (-30%), but more gently sloping on top(-5%). Geomorphological Context The project area is located within the Puget Lowland—a physiographic province that was shaped by several periods of extensive glaciation during the Pleistocene (Easterbrook 2003; Lasmanis 1991). The bedrock was depressed and deeply scoured by glaciers. Sediments were deposited and often reworked as the glaciers advanced and retreated and glacial till and outwash deposits were left across much of the region at the end of the last glacial period—the Fraser Glaciation(Easterbrook 2003). Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 6 of 26 The Vashon Stade of the Fraser Glaciation began around 18,000 B.P. with an advance of the Cordilleran ice sheet into the lowlands(Porter and Swanson 1998). The Puget Lobe of the ice sheet flowed down into the Puget Lowland depositing large amounts of glacial outwash and till and carving out the many arms of Puget Sound, including Hood Canal. It reached its terminus just south of Olympia between 14,500 and 14,000 BP(Clague and James 2002; Easterbrook 2003;Waitt and Thorson 1983). The Puget Lobe was thicker towards the north and thinned towards its terminus. The depth of the ice near the head of Hood Canal is estimated to have been about 600 meters(Easterbrook 2003). The Puget Lobe began to retreat shortly after reaching its terminus and a large glacial lake formed behind the ice with a spillway south through the Chehalis River Valley. Eventually the ice melted sufficiently to allow marine water from the Strait of Juan de Fuca to enter the lowlands. Holocene volcanism and earthquakes have also affected the region. Volcanic ash originating from eruptions in the Cascade Mountains to the east is present in the regional soils(Ness and Fowler 1960). There is evidence for a large earthquake in the region about 1,100 years ago and the head of Hood Canal experienced sudden uplift at about this time. Cores taken from wetlands near the mouth of the Union River show that a large area of tidal mudflats was uplifted abruptly and plants characteristic of coastal uplands began to grow. Eventually with rising sea levels the plant community slowly changed to one characteristic of a saltwater marsh(Buckram et al. 1994). The slopes above the head of Hood Canal contain mostly Vashon glacial till(WD('ER Staff2005). Soils in the project area are mapped as Alderwood gravelly sandy loam. This soil forms in glacial till. In undisturbed areas it typically has a 1-2 inch layer of very dark brown organic matter,a surface soil of brown gravelly sandy loam from 0-10 inches, a subsoil of pale brown very gravelly sandy loam from 10-28 inches,and a substratum of cemented light gray gravelly sandy loam below 28 inches(Ness and Fowler 1960:9). Environmental Context Prior to clearing,vegetation would have been typical of the Puget Sound Tsuga hetrophylla,western hemlock,vegetation zone(Franklin and Dymess 1973:44-5). The pre-contact area environment consisted of an overstory dominated by western hemlock, Douglas fir,and western red cedar. Some areas would have differed from the broader regional pattern and included areas of prairie,oak woodland,and pine forest distributed throughout the southern Puget Sound basin(Franklin and Dymess 1973:88). The project area has been logged and replanted with Douglas fir(Pseudotsuga menziesii) (Figure 2). The majority of trees present are young Douglas fir,but western redcedar Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 7 of 26 (Thuja plicata), lodgepole pine(Pinus contortus), and Pacific madrone(Arbutus menzies) are also present. The understory within the project area consists of both native vegetation and invasive weeds. These include sala(Gaultheria shallon),huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum),ocean spray(Holodiscus discolor), sword fern(Polystichum munitum),bracken fern(Pteridium aquilinum),foxglove(Digitalis purpurea),trailing blackberry(Rubus ursinus), and Scotch broom(Cytisus scoparius). t •c -•fir` .�`�.' Figure 2.View north in the upper portion of the project area with typical vegetation. During prehistoric times the project area would have hosted a mixed coniferous forest with many different plant and animal resources. Presumably native inhabitants would have had access to and spent time hunting animals such as deer and elk and collecting and perhaps processing items such as berries and cedar. Cultural Context In any investigation of the history of an area, a discussion of the past inhabitants is necessary to appreciate the full spectrum of possible occupational remnants. The project area and the entire Hood Canal watershed was once occupied by the Twana people,a group of Southern Coast Salish. The Twana were skilled hunters, gatherers, and fishermen who shared a common culture and language(Suttles and Lane 1990). Within the larger Twana group were smaller village communities that functioned as autonomous groups. During historic times,all of the Twana groups were moved together onto the Skokomish Indian Reservation and any differences between the groups were blurred. The project area is also within close proximity to lands occupied historically by Squaxin Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 8 of 26 people,another group of Southern Coast Salish who lived on North Bay near present day Allyn. The term"Squaxin"now also refers to other native groups who occupied other inlets in Southern Puget Sound because they were grouped onto one reservation. Two authors have contributed a great deal of ethnohistoric information on Twana culture. Reverend Myron Eells served as a missionary on the Skokomish Reservation from 1871 to 1895 and recorded Twana culture during a time of great change. William Elmendorf conducted ethnographic research on the Skokomish Reservation in the 1930s and 1940s and produced a dissertation,many papers, and several books. Twana village communities functioned as independent economic, social,and political units. Elmendorf(1992)recognized nine village communities and lists them by winter village locations: Dabob, Quilcene,Dosewallips,Duckabush, Hoodsport, Skokomish, Vance Creek,Tahuya,and Duhlelap. Most of the village communities had one winter village location situated near the mouth of a salmon stream on Hood Canal. The Duhlelap group maintained a winter village at the mouth of Mission Creek near the head of the Hood Canal (Elmendorf 1992:49). According to one of Elmendorf s (1992:3-4)informants, Frank Allen,the Duhlelap community was founded by a man from the Skokomish River. He lost a canoe and found it near the head of Hood Canal.In searching for his canoe,he discovered an abundance of good resources at the head of the canal and decided to move his whole family there. Allen said that there was someone living at the head of the Canal previously but they had gone to the Squaxin settlement on North Bay prior to the Skokomish man's discovery. Allen also recalled that when the Duhlelap were forced to move down to the reservation they landed at Potlatch and had a great potlatch there. Twana social structure was based around extended family kin groups and also included the village community and social classes. Twana society was stratified with three social classes: upper-class freemen, lower-class freemen, and slaves. Membership in the winter village was permanent and people returned to the same winter locations each year. There were two basic types of houses: a larger gable-roofed type,and a smaller shed structure. The larger houses were for the upper class and contained multiple-family households. Each house had an owner or leader. There was also a ranking among the upper class within each village. Wealth was displayed not through food,but other items such as dentalia,clamshell disk beads,blankets,fur robes,pelts,war clubs, canoes, and slaves. Each community recognized one of the household leaders as the community leader. He was generally also the richest man in the village,possessed personal leadership qualities, and the position tended to be hereditary(Elmendorf 1992). Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 9 of 26 The Twana people were skilled hunter/gatherers and craftsmen. There was a division of labor among the sexes and there were also specialized jobs among the Twana. Men hunted, fished,made all hunting equipment, and constructed houses,canoes and bent- comer boxes. Women dug clams,gathered plant foods,made baskets,cordage,blankets, and mats, and did the cooking. Both sexes prepared hides and fur robes. Skills were acquired through guardian spirits and there were several full time occupations that were done by specialists. Professional occupations included shaman,canoe makers, sea mammal hunters, land game hunters,and waterfowl hunters. There were also some Twana who were specialized warriors,but this was not a full time occupation(Elmendorf 1992). The Twana practiced a seasonal round. During the spring, summer,and fall people moved around in work parties or family groups and focused primarily on resource acquisition. Much of the food gathered during the summer was stored for winter,when people congregated and focused more on social and ceremonial activities. Temporary shelters were erected at summer locations that included smaller cedar plank houses,pole frames covered with mats,and lean-to structures. The Twana had certain locations they would return to each year for activities such as fishing,berry picking,clam digging, and elk hunting. Elmendorf(1992:48-49)identifies several geographic sites near the head of Hood Canal and in the Union River valley that his Twana informants had names for. Some of these were locations noted for a particular resource. Elmendorf also reports a trail leading from the head of the Canal to the Squaxin village at Allyn. The Twana utilized a variety of resources but placed a large emphasis on salmon. Elmendorf(1992)ranks the foods in order of importance as salmon, salt-water fish, sea mammals,mollusks(clams etc.),waterfowl,land game,roots and berries. Use varied somewhat by location.Most of the salmon were caught in late summer or fall and many were dried for winter. The Skokomish and possibly other groups of Twana gave a public ceremony for the first salmon caught each year. Salt-water fish, sea mammals, and waterfowl were taken from canoes. Clam digging began in spring and continued through the summer. Several species of clams were used and many clams were dried for winter use or trading with people to the east. The most important land game were elk and deer. A large variety of vegetable products were gathered including roots,berries, shoots,nuts, mushrooms,and maple sap. Fem roots,camas,and several kinds of berries were dried and stored for winter use(Ehmendorf 1992). The Twana believed that skills and ability were conferred on individuals by supernatural powers or guardian spirits. Usually a guardian spirit was acquired through a vision,but occasionally they could be acquired through inheritance. Both sexes were expected to seek spirit power through visions in childhood and these were recalled later in life at a Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 10 of 26 winter-spirit-dance ceremony. The Twana conducted a number of important ceremonies for both social and religious purposes. Important events or changes of life status were marked by social ceremonies within the village community and there were also ceremonies that included more than one village. Status within the village was somewhat dependant on recognition by those in other villages,because gifts were given based on the rank of the recipient(Elmendorf 1992). The Twana groups maintained friendly contact,marriage ties,and trade with their neighbors including the Satsop to the southwest,the Sahewamish and Squaxin to the south and southeast, Suquamish to the east,and Klallam and Chemakum to the north. They were also somewhat acquainted with the Upper Chehalis and Nisqually who they traded with. Travel and transport of goods was conducted mainly by canoe but also by trail. Twana men made several different types of canoes for travel and hunting on salt water and in rivers(Elmendorf 1992). The first Euro-Americans to explore Hood Canal were Captain George Vancouver and his crew in 1792. Vancouver named the waterway Hood's Channel for his friend, Lord Hood,but it was later mislabeled on a map and became Hood's Canal. Vancouver (1798:241)travelled as far as the mouth of the Skokomish River and noted the presence of Indian villages along the shoreline. The earliest recorded Euro-American explorers to reach the head of Hood Canal were Lieutenant Augustus Case and his crew from the Wilkes expedition in 1841. Case described the mouth of the Union River and also mentions a trail he called the Portage that connected the head of Hood Canal with North Bay in Allyn(Davis 2001). The Wilkes expedition named several locations and landmarks in Mason County including Lynch Cove at the head of Hood Canal (Thomas and Perry 1996). The earl history of settlement in Washington involved the United States and Britain Y rY � vying for control of the Northwest. From 1818 until the early 1840s,the US and Britain agreed to coexist in the Oregon Territory,which extended from the northern border of California,to the southern border of Alaska,and included all land west of the Rocky Mountains. The treaty establishing the 49th parallel as the border between the United States and Canada was signed June 18, 1846(Kirk and Alexander 1990) and in 1848 the Oregon Territory was officially organized by the United States. In 1850 the Donation Land Act of Oregon was passed,allowing settlers to take land. In March 1853 Washington was officially made a US Territory and Isaac Stevens was appointed Territorial Governor. One of Governor Steven's first jobs was to negotiate treaties with the Indian tribes so that the land could be settled. The Point-No-Point Treaty was negotiated by Stevens with the Twana,Chemakums,and Klallams on January 25, Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 11 of 26 1855. The treaty designated a reservation but did not specify a location. The reservation was eventually located at the mouth of the Skokomish River and approved by Congress in 1859. Most of the Twana were relocated, sometimes by force,to the newly established reservation. The Klallam and Chemakum never moved to the reservation. The population of Twana was recorded by Wilkes (1845:5,140) in 1841 as approximately 500,by Gibbs in the mid-1850s as approximately 290, and by Eells in 1875 as 264. Vancouver noted signs of small pox in the region prior to his visit in 1792. Suttles and Lane (1990) estimate a pre-contact Twana population of roughly 800 people. Elmendorf (1993) estimates a much higher number of approximately 2,600 Twana people in 1800. Once on the reservation the Twana were subject to several practices that contributed to cultural breakdown. A reservation grammar school,trade school, and mission were established at around 1870 (Elmendorf 1992). Reverend Eells came to the reservation in 1871 and encouraged the Twana to give up their traditional beliefs and lifestyle. The Duhlelap band of Twana may have encountered missionaries earlier. There are reports that a Catholic mission was established near their winter village location at about 1850 (Elmendorf 1993:4). According to Eells(1971)the Twana were engaged in logging, fishing, and some farming. The Skokomish Reservation was divided into individual land allotments in 1886. This encouraged the breakup of the joint family households and also allowed sale of property to non-Indians. The earliest settlers in Mason County came for timber, but farmers and ranchers followed soon after. The first mills on Hood Canal were built in 1854 at Port Gamble and 1857 at Seabeck, stimulating interest in logging up and down the Canal. Several men were reported to have logged near the head of Hood Canal beginning as early as 1859. These included Moses Kirkland, Franklin Purdy, and Enoch Willey,but none of these men stayed for long, choosing to settle elsewhere in the county instead(Davis 1993, 2001). The town that formed around the head of Hood Canal was originally named Clifton and later changed to Belfair. Several men filed land claims here between 1864 and 1869. These included Henry Jackson,Thomas Griffith, Alfred Jones, John McReavy, John Donahoe, Allan Whiteman,and Robert Fairbaim. These settlers logged and cleared some of their land and built houses,which was a requirement of the Homestead Act. Settlers continued to move to the area and in 1880 the first school,post office and hotel were established in Clifton. In 1883 McReavy incorporated the Union River Logging Railroad and sold it soon after to the Puget Mill Company. Logging was the principal industry in the area for a long period of time and farming was also needed to support the logging camps (Davis 1993, 2001). Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 12 of 26 The west half of the northwest quarter of Section 28, T23N, R1 W was homesteaded in 1883 by David Frear and the east half in 1898 by Toni Rossi (BLM 2008). Sometime later the western half was sold to the Puget Mill Company and the eastern half to the North Bay Land Company (Metsker map in Davis 2001:4). The timber cruise report and maps from 1910 state that both fir and cedar are present but the timber is of"poor quality" (Figure 3, Wade 1910). s TOPOGRAPHIC 3XI= r sf�► . 1 i i; l e � Figure 3 Timber cruise map of Section 28 from 1910 showing roads,general topography,soils,and vegetation(Wade 1910). Previous Archaeology and Ethnographic Work There has been a relatively small amount of archaeological work conducted near the head of Hood Canal and as a result few archaeological sites have been recorded in this region. Three cultural resource surveys have been conducted within close proximity to the project area and no significant cultural resources were identified as part of those surveys. Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 13 of 26 One survey was conducted along SR 3 to the west of the project area(Robinson 1996),a second to the west for a natural gas pipeline(Goetz and Warner 1996), and a third to the east along the proposed Belfair Bypass route(Shapiro and Associates 2002). Several surveys have been conducted to the west of the project area,closer to the shoreline of Hood Canal and near the mouth of the Union River and former center of Clifton(Hartman 1998;Neil and Baldwin 2008; Solimano et al. 1995). Two prehistoric archaeological sites that are potentially eligible to the National Register of Historic Places (45MS 106 and 45MS 112)as well as several historic properties associated with the settlement of Clifton have been recorded as a result of these surveys.45MS112 is a shell midden site located on a terrace about 20 ft. above sea level. Solimano et al. (1995) suggested that the site was previously on the shoreline of Hood Canal prior to alluvial deposition by the Union River.This area was also tectonically uplifted about 1100 years ago(Bucknam et al. 1994),which may better explain the site's position above the present shoreline. The site was partially excavated in the 1960s by a private collector who reported finding beads,projectile points, scrapers, a sandstone mortar,a green adze blade, bone wedges and points and at least four fire hearths. Records indicate that there was also a pioneer cemetery in this area but it was not located during survey(Solimano et al. 1995). 45MS 106 is located on the east bank of the Union River. Cultural material identified at the site included a stone maul fragment, a modified cobble fragment,burnt bone, shell,fire-modified rock,charcoal,and furniture stones(Luttrell 1992b). Historic properties identified near the old center of Clifton include the Old Belfair Schoolhouse constructed in 1915 (Davis 1974),an agricultural ditch and orchard associated with the McReavy homestead(Neil and Baldwin 2008), a logging site with springboard-notched stumps and a stove(Neil and Baldwin 2008),an historic logging railroad grade feature(Luttrell 2007),agricultural dikes constructed in the 1880s through 1940s(Luttrell 2007),and a logging dump(Crespin 2006). Several surveys(Meatte 2008;Wessen 2006a, 2007)have been conducted at Belfair State park near the mouth of Mission Creek and two archaeological sites have been recorded here. 45MS52 is a small shell midden site that was recorded along the east bank of Little Mission Creek by Solland and Stenhohm in 1963.45MS47 is another shell midden site that was originally recorded by Del Nordquist in 1952 and recently updated and tested by Gary Wessen(2006b,2007). Testing revealed that a large area within the park has been disturbed but intact prehistoric deposits are present in at least one area. Faunal remains recovered during testing included shell and mammal,fish,and bird bones. Prehistoric artifacts included chipped stone tools and debitage,other stone tools,bone and antler tools, and fire-cracked rock. Wessen(2007)reports that this area did not contain any features or structures and suggests that it represents an activity area within a larger Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 14 of 26 settlement. Radiocarbon dates indicate the site was used between about 300 to 600 years ago. Wessen believes the site is eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. Only relatively recent archaeological sites have been found near the head of Hood Canal; however,work conducted near the great bend in Hood Canal and up the Skokomish River Valley suggests at least the general area was occupied for a much longer time period. A number of sites with Olcott artifacts have been found near Lake Cushman, approximately 20 miles west of the project area above Hood Canal,that are presumed to date to the Early to Mid-Holocene(Wessen 1993, 1996). Testing at shell midden sites along the shoreline of Hood Canal near the mouth of the Skokomish,approximately 16 miles southwest of the project area,revealed the shoreline was occupied for at least 1,700 years (Kennedy 1977, 1979). Earlier coastal sites may have been inundated by rising sea levels. Ethnographic work by Ehnendorf(1992)documented use of the head of Hood Canal for hunting and gathering of resources. The winter village location of the Duhlelap band of Twana was at the mouth of Mission Creek,approximately 4 miles from the project area. The Portage trail documented by Case of the Wilkes Expedition(Davis 2001)and Elmendorf(1992)connected the head of Hood Canal with the Squaxin village at North Bay. Both Squaxin and Suquamish people may have also used the project area vicinity for resource acquisition. Expectations Past ethnographic work for the local area suggest the region is likely to contain resource acquisition and processing locations as well as habitation sites(Ehnendorf 1992); however the majority of these are likely in lower areas near the shoreline of Hood Canal or within the major river valleys. Much of the project area is fairly steep. Habitation sites are unlikely within the project area and resource acquisition sites may be difficult to identify. The area has been logged at least twice and these activities may have disturbed pre-contact sites. Field Methodology Archaeological investigations for the present study consisted of a review of the area's archaeological history,review of historical records,review of the project proposal, and field survey operations,which involved surface and subsurface examination. Stephanie Neil conducted an archaeological survey on July 15'h. The location of the proposed water line follows a road cut through property. Ground visibility along the road was approximately 90%and approximately 20%off the road. Pedestrian survey was Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 15 of 26 conducted along the road. Shovel probes were dug at 30-meter intervals adjacent to the road in the upper portions of the project area to assess subsurface soil conditions and determine the potential for buried archaeological deposits. Soil data for the shovel probe regiment is presented in Appendix A and a map locating all SPs is presented in Appendix B. Shovel probes were not used on the hill slope because this area was more highly disturbed and very little soil and vegetation was present. The predetermined minimum depth of SPs for a DAR survey is 100 cm below the surface;however, individual testing projects vary with soil and sediment conditions. Soil and sediment was excavated in approximately 10 cm arbitrary levels and screened through V4 inch mesh. The site area was mapped on a field sketch map,photographs were taken of the area,and SP geology was studied and recorded. All SPs were backfilled after excavation was complete. Results Geologic Observations The project area is located near the top of a broad ridge and on the hillslope below. The sediments in the project area consist of glacial gravels deposited during the Pleistocene. A very thin soil has formed on these deposits,which supports a mixed coniferous forest. In much of the project area previous logging and road building has removed any topsoil that was present. The soil profiles exposed in the SPs excavated in the upper portions of the project area were similar to the description of Alderwood gravelly sandy loam. The typical soil profile consisted of a surface soil of brown gravelly sandy loam from 0-5 cm and a subsoil of yellowish brown very gravelly sandy loam below 5 cm(Figure 4). Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 16 of 26 ' t ' i 1 !. 1 Figure 4.Typical soil revealed in SP 3. Archaeological Observations The project area review did not result in the identification of any archaeological resources. Modern trash was found on the surface in several locations during survey.No cultural materials were found in any of the SPs.Native inhabitants likely passed through the project area for activities such as resource gathering or hunting,but remnants of any pre-contact activities were not discernable. Recommendations The archaeological assessment of Belfair Water District's Pressure Zones Interconnection Project on land owned by Overton and Associates was conducted by an archaeologist meeting the standards for a professional archaeologist issued by the Secretary of the Interior and the Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP). Pedestrian survey, subsurface explorations and background research indicate there are no historic properties in the project APE. It is likely the area was utilized by Native people for hunting and gathering,but there were no indications or remnants of past occupation located during the survey. DAR recommends the USDA assert a determination of No Historic Properties Affected for the present undertaking. Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 17 of 26 DAR additionally recommends the project proponents be familiar with provisions of 36 CFR part 800 and Washington State laws,particularly Revised Code of Washington (RCW) Chapter 27.53.060 and RCW 27.44.040. While shovel testing in a project area is a cost effective means to locate subsurface deposits, it is certainly not exhaustive. In the event any items of cultural patrimony are encountered, by law all work must cease. Federal regulations regarding post-review discoveries are the first guidance in such a situation (36CFR800.13). And although state statutes do not necessarily apply to a federally permitted project, Section 106 leaves some issues unresolved, and guidance on the treatment of archaeological resources and human remains are generally taken from the RCWs. In the event that archaeological materials are encountered during project implementation, an archaeologist should immediately be notified and work halted in the vicinity of the find until the materials can be inspected and assessed in regards to National Register of Historic Places criteria. In the event that skeletal material or features of burial/interment are encountered during development, all work must stop immediately and contact must be established between local law enforcement,the USDA,the SHPO and the affected Indian Tribes. Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 18 of 26 Works Cited Bucknam,Robert C.,Estella B.Leopold,Eileen Hemphill-Haley,Daniel E. Ekblaw, Brian F. Atwater, Boyd E. Benson, and James B. Phipps 1994 Holocene Tectonics in Western Washington. In Geologic Field Trips in the Pacific Northwest, edited by D. A. Swanson and R. A. Haugerud,Vol. 2,pp. 2C 1-2C 15. University of Washington Department of Geological Sciences, Seattle. Burea of Land Management(BLM) 2008 Bureau of Land Management General Land Office Records. Electronic document,http://www.glorecords.bbn.gov,accessed July 14,2008. Clague,John J.,and Thomas S.James 2002 History and Isostatic Effects of the Last Ice Sheet in Southern British Columbia. Quaternary Science Reviews 21:71-87. Crespin,Bruce M. 2006 Cultural Resources Report of the Lynch Cove Revegetation Project. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation,Olympia, Washington. Davis, Irene B. 1974 The Washington State Inventory of Historic Places, Old Belfair Schoolhouse. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. 1992 Belfair History Notes. 1993 History of the Union River. Electronic document, http://www.thelercenter.org/readtextfile.php?File=Irene Davis-History of the Union River.txt,accessed May 1,2008. 2001 The History of Beffiair and the Tahuya Peninsula 1880-1940. Mason County Historical Society, Shelton, Washington. Deegan, Harry W. 1971 History of Mason County, Washington. Easterbrook,Don J. 2002 Cordilleran Ice Sheet Glaciation of the Puget Lowland and Columbia Plateau and Alpine Glaciation of the North Cascade Range, Washington. In Western Cordillera and Adjacent Areas,ed. T. W. Swanson,pp. 137-157. Geological Society of America,Boulder,Colorado. Eells, Rev. Myron 1971 The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington Territory. Extract from Smithsonian Annual Report, 1887. The Shorey Book Store, Seattle,Washington. Drayton Archaeological Research LLC "Technical Report 0708E Page 19 of 26 Elmendorf, William W. 1992 The Structure of Twana Culture. Washington State University Press, Pullman. 1993 Twana Narratives:Native Historical Accounts of a Coast Salish Culture. University of Washington Press, Seattle. Franklin, J.F., and C.T. Dymess 1973 Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-8, Portland, Oregon. Fredson, Michael 1992 Oakland to Shelton: The Sawdust Trail. Mason County Historical Society, Shelton, Washington. 2007 Images ofAmerica:Hood Canal. Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina. Goetz Linda Naoi and John P. Warner 1996 Cultural Resources Study for Cascade Natural Gas Corporation's Proposed Phase 2 Kitsap Lateral Upgrade Project, Mason and Kitsap Counties, Washington. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. Hartman, Glenn D. 1998 A Cultural Resources Survey of the Washington State Department of Transportation's SR 300 Sand Hill Road Intersection Project, Mason County. Report prepared for Washington State Department of Transportation. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. Historic Research Associates HRA 1996 Tacoma Public Utilities Cushman Hydroelectric Project Cultural Resources Addendum Report on Wildlife Enhancement and Mitigation Areas for the Draft Environmental Impact Statement Preferred Alternative. On file at the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. Robinson,Joan M. 1996 A Cultural Resources Survey of the Washington State Department of Transportation's SR 3: Belfair to Lake Flora Road Safety Improvements, Mason County, Washington. On file at the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. Kennedy, Hal 1977 Preliminary Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Tideland Margins, Skokomish Indian Reservation. Office of Public Archaeology, University of Washington, Seattle. 1979 Summary of Archaeological Investigations, Skokomish Indian Reservation. Office of Public Archaeology,University of Washington, Seattle. Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 20 of 26 Kirk, Ruth, and Carmela Alexander 1990 Exploring Washington's Past. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington. Lasmanis, Raymond 1991 The Geology of Washington.Rocks and Minerals 66:262-277. Luttrell, Charles T. 1992a A Cultural Resources Survey of the Washington State Department of Wildlife's Belfair Wetlands Project,Near Belfair,Mason County, Washington. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. 1992b Washington Archaeological Site Inventory Form: 45MS 106. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. 2007 Cultural Resources Investigations for the Pacific Northwest Salmon Center's Union River Estuary Land Acquisition Project,Mason County, Washington. Meatte, Daniel 2008 Cultural Resources Survey of Proposed Sewer System Upgrades at Belfair State Park. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. Neil, Stephanie,and Garth Baldwin 2008 Archaeological Investigations of the Cascade Land Conservancy Restoration Project on the Irene Davis Union River Preserve, Mason County, WA. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. Ness,A. O.,and R. H. Fowler 1960 Soil Survey of Mason County, Washington.United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service in cooperation with the Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations. Porter, S. C.,and T. W. Swanson 1998 Radiocarbon Age Constraints on Rates of Advance and Retreat of the Puget Lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet During the Last Glaciation. Quaternary Research 50:205-213. Robinson,Joan M. 1996 A Cultural Resources Survey of the Washington State Department of Transportation's SR 3: Belfair to Lake Flora Road Safety Improvements, Mason County,Washington. Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 21 of 26 Shapiro and Associates, Inc. 2002 Mason County Belfair Bypass. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. Solimano, Paul S. 1995 Washington Archaeological Site Inventory Form: 45MS 112. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation,Olympia, Washington. Solimano,Paul S.,Leonard A.Forsman,and Lynn L. Larson 1995 Cultural Resource Assessment, Sand Hill Mobile Home Park,Mason County, Washington. Report prepared for Sand Hill Mobile Home Park. On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. Solland, Sonja,and Nancy Stenhohn 1963 University of Washington Archaeological Field Forms Site Survey Form 45MS52,On file at the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. Suttles, Wayne, and Barbara Lane 1990 Southern Coast Salish. In Northwest Coast,edited by Wayne Suttles,pp.485- 502. Handbook of North American Indians,Vol. 7, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Thomas,Berwyn B., and Fredi Perry 1996 Shelton: The First Century Plus Ten. Mason County Historical Society, Shelton, Washington. Vancouver, George 1798 A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, and Round the World,In Which the Coast of North-west America has been Carefully Examined and Accurately Surveyed. 3 vols. G.G. and J. Robinson, London. Wade, Lewis J. 1910 Mason County Washington,Timber Cruise Map, Sec 28,T23N,R1 W. On file at Washington State Archives,Olympia, Washington. Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources(WDGER) Staff 2005 Digital 1:100,000-Scale Geology of Washington State. Open File Report 2005-3. Washington State Department of Natural Resources,Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Olympia. Wessen, Gary C. 1993 Washington Archaeological Site Inventory Form 45MS109. On file at the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation,Olympia, Washington. 1996 Archaeological Survey Report. In Tacoma Public Utilities Cushman Hydroelectric Project Cultural Resources Addendum Report on the Wildlife Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 22 of 26 Enhancement and Mitigation Areas for the Draft Environmental Impact Statement Preferred Alternative. Report prepared for Tacoma Public Utilities by Historical Research Asociates, Inc., Seattle, WA. 2006a An Archaeological Survey and Evaluation of Portions of Belfair State Park, Mason County, Washington. On file at the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. 2006b Washington Archaeological Site Inventory Form 45MS47, Update. 2007 Archaeological Site Testing at 45MS47, Belfair State Park, Mason County, Washington. On file at the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington. Wilkes, Charles 1845 Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842. 5 vols. Lea and Banchard, Philadelphia. Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 23 of 26 Appendix A: Shovel Probe Data Table Shovel Probe 1 CM Below Sediments Comments Surface -5 10YR 4/3 brown gravelly sandy loam with some organic matter 15 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown very gravelly sandy loam 15-20+ Ig ravel hard pan Notes: Began shovel testing at top of line, 15 m from station, left side of road.Terminated due to hard pan. Shovel Probe 2 CM Below Sediments Comments Surface -5 10YR 4/3 brown gravelly sandy loam with some organic matter 15 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown very gravelly sandy loam 15-20+ Igravel hard pan Notes: Left side of road.Terminated due to hard pan. Shovel Probe 3 CM Below Sediments Comments Surface -5 10YR 4/3 brown gravelly sandy loam with some organic matter -43 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown very gravelly sandy loam Notes: Right side of road.Terminated due to large root. Shovel Probe 4 CM Below Sediments Comments Surface -7+ 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown very gravelly sandy loam Notes: RR crossing between SP3&4. Left side of road.Terminated due to gravel hard pan Shovel Probe 5 CM Below Sediments Comments Surface -7+ 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown very gravelly sandy loam Notes:Terminated due to gravel hard pan. Shovel Probe 6 CM Below Sediments Comments Surface -7+ 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown very gravelly sandy loam Notes:Terminated due to gravel hard pan. Shovel Probe 7 CM Below Sediments Comments Surface -70 10YR 6/6 brownish yellow very gravelly sandy loam Notes: Used wall of previously excavated trench. Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 24 of 26 Appendix B: Archaeological Testing Map, SPs 1-7. v..0 BEL W IR OO WATER V_ _ . PA STATION NOTANG CON�ClIOH-G}dtt�l S�$f � ,K A/41IIOIf?lQIIW■t IOMt�r i K MIS tR t�l �� MY Q taFlIR YOMOO1/11Y.tiMlOOOII 1. KY Survey Transact - �� Is Shovel Probe + �� 's' 1 MC91fT1r♦ lYr awn UIQPQ I �*�, atrtsr• J �� I 1 �fy Q • i 1 f '" .r. 1 1� --- •..Ili\ � a� rt? , '♦ I.♦y. * � .Ar • 15y.tj It _._ �i�.•• err : i? �� -♦ 1'4� �, � ~ ~"� 1 :1 � war w�ww f r' f r .� w!� +. �Y I ' II • eor r fF;� �: ! ,�.F�i ��4 �I" �r. A•,4 .M"w �' � � II K <~ rrr � � ? 1 v w 'W i •i' '1 I rrry wrrr Ow-(--ALLnrnt=. Drayton Archaeological Research LLC Technical Report 0708E Page 25 of 26 i CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY COVER SHEET Authors: Stephanie L. Neil and Garth L. Baldwin Title of Report: Archaeological Investigations of Belfair Water District's Proposed Pressure Zones Interconnection Project, Belfair, WA Date of Report: July 28, 2008 County (ies): Mason Sections: 28, Township: 23 N Range: 1W Quad: Union River Acres: -2.5 CD submitted? M Yes n No Does this replace a draft? n Yes M No Archaeological Sites Found or Amended? n Yes M No TCP(s) found? n Yes M No Does this report fulfill a DAHP permit requirement? n Yes � No DAHP Archaeological Site #: REPORT CHECK LIST Report should contain the following items: • Clear objectives and methods • A summary of the results of the survey • A report of where the survey records and data are stored • A research design that: • Details survey objectives • Details specific methods • Details expected results