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PE Consultants LLC
PE Consultants LLC
4333 30`h Avenue SE
Lacey, WA 98503
(360)790-1559 Business email: curtis@peconsultants.net
(360)438-1985 (FAX/Phone) Web www.peconsultants.net
26 December 2006
Mr. Steve Chamberlain, P.E., President
SCA Consulting Group
4200 Sixth Avenue SE, Suite 301
Lacey, WA 98503
RE: Mazama pocket gopher, State Priority, and Federally-listed Species Site Evaluation
Dear Mr. Chamberlain:
At your request, PE Consultants LLC has evaluated the 25-acre Dayton Airport Business
Park subject property for the presence of the Mazama (Western) Pocket Gopher
(Thomomys Mazama), its habitat and other State priority Species. This study has been
completed in accordance with Mason County Municipal Code Chapter 17.01.110 to
evaluate the presence of the particular important habitat or species, and the likelihood that
the particular important habitat or species will maintain or reproduce over the long-term.
The uses and activities associated with development may be restricted on a property that
lies within an important habitat or within 600 feet of a mapped point location of an important
species. Because the Mazama pocket gopher and its habitat have been documented by
the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife to occur in the vicinity, a site evaluation has
been performed to address possible impacts to this species and its habitat and to provide
viable conservation measures to protect this species into the future, if it applies to this
project.
The Mason County Code defines habitats to be protected under Mason County Municipal
Code 17.01.110—Fish and Wildlife Habitat Conservation Areas, as habitats of sensitive
species identified by the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife's (WDFW)
`Priority Habitats and Species' (PHS) database. The Mazama pocket gopher is listed as a
State Threatened Species by the WDFW PHS database, as well as a Federal Candidate
Species for listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).
Mr. Steve Chamberlain
20 March 07
Page 2
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
No Mazama pocket gopher, other State priority species, or Federally-listed species have
been identified to occur on the subject property. However, juveniles radiate out from their
natal burrows searching for territory, making it is possible for the species to enter the site if
habitat were available. Fragmented patches of marginal pocket gopher habitat occur
throughout the area in the form of pastureland, lawns, and cleared areas. No impacts to
significant pocket gopher habitat are expected to occur as a result of this project that would
jeopardize the continued survival of this species. The site consists of a contiguous canopy
of Scot's broom, which is not considered Mazama pocket gopher habitat. In fact, we
typically do not find pocket gophers in areas of continuous Scot's broom. No impacts to the
Mazama pocket gopher or other State Priority Species are expected as a result of the
proposed project.
If you have any questions, you can contact me at 360-790-1559.
Sincerely,
Curtis Wambach, M.S.
Senior Biologist and Principal
Pacific Environmental Consultants LLC
4333 30th Avenue SE
Lacey, WA 98503
26 December 2006 PE Consultants LLC
Dayton Airport Road Business Park Mazama Pocket Gopher Reconnaissance
SITE EVALUATION REPORT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Project Location. The Dayton Airport Business Park subject property (Parcel #
420022400000) is located at W State Highway Route 102, Mason County, Washington
Section 2, Township 20 North, and Range 4 West, Willamette Meridian (Figure 1).
Gopher Biology. The Mazama Pocket Gopher is a small burrowing mammal that eats roots,
tubers, bulbs and some surface vegetation. Feeding occurs primarily underground.
However, the pocket gopher also feeds above ground on forbs and grasses during the
evening and nighttime or during dimly-lit overcast days. When feeding above ground, the
pocket gopher bends down grasses to collect the seeds. An area of intensely foraged
grasses and forbs near their mound structures is an indicator of pocket gopher high use.
Gopher Habitat. The Mazama pocket gopher prefers prairie habitat. Historically, the Native
Americans maintained prairie habitat in western Washington through burning the shrubs
and trees off the land. Native Americans harvested camas and other crops, which grew
abundantly in western Washington prairies. Since burning the fields became a thing of the
past, forests and farms replaced much of the prairie ecosystem. Currently, only scattered
remnants of this once human-maintained ecosystem remain in western Washington. Many
of these areas are zoned for high-density development by local cities and counties. One of
few high quality habitats for the Mazama pocket gopher is at the Shelton Airport. The
Airport is a source of gopher dispersion near the subject property.
Gopher Mounds. The Mazama pocket gopher produces characteristically crescent-shaped
mounds of soil above the ground. Typically, mounds have a plug of soil closing the burrow
entrance at the center portion of the crescent-shaped mound. Mounds are commonly found
in lines marking the underground route of the burrow system. In contrast, moles produce
larger conical-shaped mounds that appear more randomly distributed in the landscape. The
pocket gopher burrow system is located just below the surface. However, brooding
chambers and food caches are located as deep as 6 feet below the surface.
Mound Identification. Because moles often create mounds interspersed with gopher
mounds, species-specific mound identification is an essential component of the study.
Moles and pocket gophers live their lives almost completely under ground. Their tunneling
activity results in mounds of dirt being excavated and left on the surface. Fortunately, mole
and pocket gopher mounds can be identified in the field by easily observable
characteristics. Basically, moles create round or conical-shaped mounds in contrast to the
Crescent or kidney shaped mound of the pocket gopher. Another key difference is that only
moles create surface runs, pocket gophers don't. The entrance to the mole tunnel system
is in the center of the conical-shaped mound, while the entrance for the pocket gopher
tunnel is beneath a plug located on the inner side of the crescent-shaped mound.
Gopher Dispersion. Although, home ranges are very small, juvenile pocket gophers
sometimes wander up to 1,000 feet or more in search of territory. After several generations
of these short-lived rodents, dispersion could extend a mile or more from the original natal
territory. While searching for territory, juvenile pocket gophers may create individual or
scattered mounds in poor habitats while probing for new territory or foraging areas.
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. Dayton Airport Road Business Park Mazama Pocket Gopher Reconnaissance
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Dayton Airport Road Business Park Mazama Pocket Gopher Reconnaissance
Individual wandering pocket gophers may create `explorer mounds' outside of the primary
mound complexes through the dispersal of juveniles or less commonly, adults searching for
new foraging opportunities. The separation distance for suitable habitat is a compromise
between the sedentary habits of these mammals and the search for new territory as
juveniles strike out on their own. Two occupied mound complexes separated by less than a
few kilometers of suitable habitat could represent two independent territories. Because of
these wandering individual juvenile gophers searching for territory, there may be explorer
mounds between two mound complexes or in areas of unlikely gopher habitat, such as in
wetlands, forests, or in cemented glacial till.
2.0 GENERAL PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LAND USE
The approximately 25-acre subject property consists of a contiguous canopy of the non-
native shrub Scot' broom (Appendix A). Topography is relatively flat. A narrow tree line
occurs at the frontage of the property. The property is undeveloped and unused. No prairie
habitat, preferred by the Mazama pocket gopher, occurs on the subject property.
3.0 MAZAMA POCKET GOPHER MOUND IDENTIFICATION
This section describes the Mazama pocket gopher biology, including feeding habits,
tunnels, dispersion, range, density, and population dynamics.
3.1 Mound Identification
Gopher mounds can be distinguished from mole mounds by their shape and observable
characteristics (Table 1; see photo of mounds in Appendix A). Pocket gopher mounds are
generally crescent or kidney-shaped and made of finely sifted and cloddy soil (Illustration 1
& 3). Pocket gopher mounds are often built in a line, whereas moles leave more randomly
placed mounds. Moles form conical or volcano-shaped mounds that are often made up of
larger clods of soil in contract to the finely sifted pocket gopher mound (Illustration 1 & 2).
The mole mounds are pushed up from the deep tunnels and may be 2 to 24 inches (5 to 60
cm) tall. The entrance to the pocket gopher tunnel extends generally 5 to 10 inches of the
surface to the main tunnel that extends laterally in both directions.
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Dayton Airport Road Business Park Mazama Pocket Gopher Reconnaissance
Mole Mound Pocket Gopher Mound
Side View
Co;:rtesy of t:vm :h_rersity of California, Davis
Mole Mound Pocket Gopher Mound
Y Top Views s r
Illustration 1. Aerial and side view of pocket gopher verses mole mounds
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Dayton Airport Road Business Park Mazama Pocket Gopher Reconnaissance
Table 1. Pocket gopher verses mole mound.
Mound Feature Pocket Go her Mole
Runways Surface tunnels, 1 to 4 inches below the Tunnels are 3.8 to 4.4 cm in diameter, 10-15
surface,connect with deeper runways cm below the ground,nest 90 cm in depth.
located 3 to 12 inches below the surface,
but may be as deep as 40 inches.
Subterranean hunting paths are about 1.25
to 1.5 inches(3.2 to 3.8 cm)in diameter.
Dimension of Excavated materials are piled in roughly Mounds of soil are about 10-inch or greater
Mounds circular mounds that are 6 to 24 inches in diameter.
diameter and 2 to 8 inches high.
Shape of Mounds circular or conical-shaped mounds Crescent-or kidney-shaped
Aerial view Mounds are round when viewed from Mounds are crescent-or kidney-shaped when
above. viewed from above.
Soil Plug Soil plug is in the middle of mound and Soil plug is in the middle of the V shape or off
may not be distinct. to the side of the mound and may leave a
visible depression. 1-3-inch soil lug.
Raised ridge Tunnels are often just beneath the surface, No tunnels are visible from above ground.
leaving a raised ridge.
Distribution Scattered Mounds are found in a line
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Dayton Airport Road Business Park Mazama Pocket Gopher Reconnaissance
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Illustration 2. Moles push dirt through vertical tunnels 2 to 24 inches to surface of ground.
Pocket gopher mound
Plug on side
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typically not visible
Illustration 3. Pocket gopher verses mole mounds.
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Dayton Airport Road Business Park Mazama Pocket Gopher Reconnaissance
4.0 METHODOLOGY OF STUDY
4.1 Background Review
Prior to the site reconnaissance, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW)
Priority Habitats and Species (PHS) database had been reviewed to assess background
information on Mazama pocket gopher occurrence near the subject property (Appendix B).
Site Investigation. Background information on possible critical areas was reviewed prior to
field investigations and included the following:
• The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) Priority Habitats and Species
(PHS) report. (Appendix B)
• Anchor Environmental, LLC. 2003. Habitat Protection Plan for Streaked Horned Larks,
Western (Mazama) Pocket Gophers, and Oregon Vesper Sparrows at the Olympia
Regional Airport. Prepared for the Port of Olympia.
• Knutsen, C. J. 2003. The Thomonys mazama pocket Gopher in Washington Prairies: a
Contemporary View for Management. A Thesis: Essay of distinction submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for a degree Master of Environmental Studies the Evergreen
State College.
• Mason County Area Soil Survey, Soil Conservation Service (U.S. Department of
Agriculture, 1973)
• Mason County Geodata Center Available on the Internet
http://www.geodata.org/online.html
• Mason County Municipal Code Chapter 16.32.
• PE Consultants LLC Mazama Pocket Gopher Information.
ht_tp://www.r)econsultants.net/gopher.htm
• PE Consultants LLC. 20 December 2006. Mazama Pocket Gopher Habitat Protection
Plan. Heritage Place.
• PE Consultants LLC. 20 December 2006. Mazama Pocket Gopher Habitat Protection
Plan. Bradbury Estates.
• PE Consultants LLC. 16 March 2005. Mazama Pocket Gopher Habitat Protection Plan.
Tumwater Highlands.
• PE Consultants LLC. 6 December 2005. Mazama Pocket Gopher Habitat Protection
Plan. Tumwater Commerce.
4.2 Field Investigation
General Gopher Mound Survey.
A visual inspection of mounds was performed to identify characteristics that would
distinguish a pocket gopher mound from that created by a mole or other small burrowing
mammal. Initially, the site was evaluated to gain an overall visual perspective to identify
and characterize potential gopher habitat and possible mound formation.
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Dayton Airport Road Business Park Mazama Pocket Gopher Reconnaissance
The gopher mound survey has been performed using the knowledge and experience gained
form over two years of research on the Mazama pocket gopher conducted during the
preparation of similar pocket gopher Habitat Protection Plans on adjacent properties.
Transects of 100-feet were walked across the property in the east-west direction.
Observations were made of the surrounding landscape and habitat characteristics.
4.3 Wildlife Reconnaissance Methodology
An inventory of wildlife occurrence on the subject property, including the Mazama pocket
gopher, was compiled through the field survey and through a review of background
information obtained from USFWS, WDFW, and the Department of Natural Resources
(DNR) Natural Heritage Program. Information concerning amphibian and reptile species
was based on Brown et al. (1995), Kozloff (1978), Leonard et al. (1993), Nussbaum et al.
(1983), and Olson et al. (1997). Bird species information was based on Acorn and Baron
(1997), Hunn (1982), Johnsgard (1990), and Kozloff(1978). Information concerning birds'
nests, nesting cavities, woodpecker feeding stations, animal tracks, scats, and other wildlife
indicators was based on Harrison (1979) and Murie (1974). Background information about
mammals was based on Forey and Fitzsimons (1987), King County (1987), and Whitaker
(1996).
5.0 RESULTS
Background Information
No State priority species have been identified by the Washington Department of Fish and
Wildlife Property Habitats and Species (PHS) database as occurring on the subject
property.
Reconnaissance Results
No evidence of the Mazama pocket gopher has been identified on the subject property. Mole
mounds are identified on the site by their "conical" shape, compared to gopher mounds that
are "crescent shaped". A few mole mounds were found on the property. Since juvenile
pocket gophers migrate some distance in search of new territory, future wanderings onto
the site are possible.
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Dayton Airport Road Business Park Mazama Pocket Gopher Reconnaissance
5.2 Analysis of Gopher Habitat
No significant Mazama pocket gopher habitat occurs on the subject property important to
the continued survival of this species. No prairie habitat, preferred by the Mazama pocket
gopher, occurs on the subject property or in the immediate vicinity. The site consists of a
contiguous Scot's broom canopy, which is not considered Mazama pocket gopher habitat.
It is our experience that Mazama pocket gophers are not found in areas of dense Scot's
broom. Fragmented patches of marginal pocket gopher habitat occur throughout the area
in the form of pastureland and lawns. Some pocket gopher habitat is located at the Shelton
airport south of the subject property.
Vegetation. The vegetation on the property consists of a contiguous canopy of Scot's
broom (Appendix A).
Soils. Soils on most of the site generally consist of a very gravelly sandy loam to a sandy
gravelly loam. Soils were excessively gravelly in some areas. The Mazama pocket gopher
prefers soft malleable soils conducive for burrowing activities.
5.4 General Wildlife Observations
Wildlife observations and potential occurrence on the subject property is summarized in
Table 3. No Federal or State listed species or their habitats were identified on the subject
property. Wildlife species observed on the subject property were common urban and
suburban adapted species typical of human altered landscapes. It is possible that a greater
number of species generally occur on the subject property than were observed during the
site reconnaissance as the result of seasonal habitation, migratory stopovers, nocturnal
habits, or a species allusive nature.
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Table 3. Observed Wildlife Occurrence on the Project Site
Common Name Scientific Name Status Habitat Observation Comments
BIRDS
Black Capped Urban/
Chickadee Poecile atricapilla None Suburban Yes Observed in trees
American Robin Turdus migratorius None Urban/ Yes Observed on site
Suburban
Corvus
American Crow Brach rh nchos None Suburban Yes Observed on site
Dark-Eyed Junco Junco hyemalis None Suburban Yes Observed on site
MAMMALS
Mole Sca anus sp. None Lawn grass Yes Observed mounds
AMPHIBIANS
None
REPTILES
Western Garter Thamnophis None Variable Yes Observed on site
Snake ordinoides
EX:Extirpated SE:State Endangered None:No listing status
FE:Federal Endangered ST:State Threatened None`:This species has no state
FT:Federal Threatened SC:State Candidate listing status,but it is classified
FSC: Federal Species of Concern SS:State Sensitive as protected wildlife.
FC: Federal Candidate SM:State Monitor EX:Extirpated
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Dayton Airport Road Business Park Mazama Pocket Gopher Reconnaissance
7.0 PROPOSED PROJECT
This section describes the proposed project and possible impacts to the environment and
listed species. Short-term development impacts, direct construction impacts, long-term
operational impacts, and species impacts will be addressed in this section.
7.1 Description
The project site consists of an approximately 25-acre subdivision into 5-acre lots. The total
number of lots will consist of 5 lots.
7.2 Development Impacts
No impacts to the Mazama Pocket Gopher is expected to occur as part of this project
because no pocket gophers are likely to occur on the subject property based on the March
2007 site reconnaissance. No evidence of Mazama pocket gopher presence was observed
on the subject property during the study. It is conceivable that small, fragmented patches of
marginal pocket gopher habitat occur in areas of thin Scot's broom. No impacts to
significant pocket gopher habitat are expected to occur as a result of this project that would
jeopardize the continued survival of this species. No impacts to Federally-listed or Priority
species are likely because no evidence of these species occur on the subject property.
9.0 CONCLUSION
No evidence that the Mazama pocket gopher, other State priority species, or Federally-
listed species occur on the subject property. Fragmented patches of marginal pocket
gopher habitat occur throughout the area in the form of pastureland, cleared areas, and
lawns. No impacts to significant pocket gopher habitat are expected to occur as a result of
this project that would jeopardize the continued survival of this species.
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Dayton Airport Road Business Park Mazama Pocket Gopher Reconnaissance
10.0 REFERENCES
Baker, R. J., R. D. Bradley, and L. R. McAliley, Jr. 2003. Pocket gophers. Pp. 276-287 in
G. A. Feldhamer, B. C. Thompson, and J. A. Chapman (eds.). Wild Mammals of North
America: Biology, Management, and Conservation. (2nd ed.) Johns Hopkins University
Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 1,232 pp.
Baron, N. and J. Acorn. 1997. Birds of the Pacific Northwest Coast, Lone Pine Publishing,
Renton, Washington.
Brown, H. A., R. M. Storm, W. P. Leonard. 1995. Reptiles of Washington and Oregon,
Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle, Washington.
Chase, J. D., W. E. Howard, and J. T. Roseberry. 1982. Pocket gophers. Pp. 239-255 in J.
A. Chapman and G. A. Feldhamer (eds.). Wild Mammals of North America. Johns
Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 1147 pp.
Corkran C. C. and C. Thorns. 1996. Amphibians of Oregon, Washington, and British
Columbia: A Field Identification Guide, Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, Washington.
Dalquest, W. W. 1948. Mammals of Washington. University of Kansas Publications,
Museum of Natural History 2:1-444.
Forey, P. and C. Fitzsimons. 1987. An Instant Guide to Mammals, Random House
Publishing.
Harrison, H. H. 1979. A Field Guide to Western Birds'Nests of 520 Species Found
Breeding in the United States West of the Mississippi River, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Hitchcock, C.L., and A. Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest, University of
Washington Press, 730 pp.
Hunn, E. S.. 1982. Birding in Seattle and King County, Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle,
Washington.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1990. Hawks, Eagles, & Falcons of North America. Biology and Natural
History, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Keith, J. O., R. M. Hansen, and A. L. Ward. 1959. Effect of 2,4-D on abundance and foods
of pocket gophers. Journal of Wildlife Management 23:137-145.
King County. 1987. Wildlife Habitat Profile, King County Open Space Program, Parks,
Planning, and Resources Department.
Kozloff, E.N. 1978. Plants and Animals of the Pacific Northwest: An Illustrated Guide to the
Natural History of Western Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, University of
Washington Press, Seattle, Washington.
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Larsen, E. M., and J. T. Morgan. 1991. Management recommendations for Washington's
priority habitats: Oregon white Mazama pocket gopher. Washington Department of Fish
and Wildlife, Olympia. 37pp.
Laycock, W. A., and B. Z. Richardson. 1975. Long-term effects of pocket gopher control on
vegetation and soils of a subalpine grassland. Journal of Range Management 28:458-
462.
Leonard, W. P. 1993. Amphibians of Washington and Oregon, Seattle Audubon Society,
Seattle, Washington.
Murie, O. J. 1974. A Field Guide to Animal Tracks, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Nussbaum, R. A., E. D. Brodie, Jr., and R. M. Storm. 1983. Amphibians and Reptiles of
the Pacific Northwest, University Press of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.
Olson, D. H., W. P. Leonard, and R. B. Bury. 1997. Sampling Amphibians in Lentic
Habitats: Methods and Approaches for the Pacific Northwest, Society for Northwestern
Vertebrate Biology, Olympia, Washington.
Smallwood, K. S., and M. L. Morrison. 1999. Spatial scaling of pocket gopher (Geomyidae)
density. Southwestern Naturalist 44:73-82
Steinberg, E. K. 1995. A study of genetic differentiation and variation in the Mazama
pocket gopher (Thomomys mazama) with emphasis on Fort Lewis populations. Final
Report Submitted to Fort Lewis and The Nature Conservancy. Department of Zoology,
University of Washington, Seattle. 51 pp.
Steinberg, E. K. 1996a. Population studies and management of the threatened Mazma
pocket gopher: a regional perspective. Final Report, Contract#WAFO-092795, The
Nature Conservancy. 50 pp.
Steinberg, E. K. 1996b. Ecology, phylogeography, and conservation of the Mazama pocket
gopher: summary of 1996 research results. Investigators Annual Report to the National
Park Service, Olympic National Park, Port Angeles, Washington. 2 pp.
Steinberg, E. K. 1999. Diversification of genes, populations, and species: evolutionary
genetics of real and virtual pocket gophers (Thomomys). Ph.D. Dissertation, University
of Washington, Seattle. 157 pp.
Steinberg, E. and D. Heller. 1997. Using DNA and rocks to interpret the taxonomy and
patchy distribution of pocket gophers in western Washington prairies. Pp. 43-51 in Dunn
and Ewing (1997).
Verts, B. J. and L. N. Carraway. 1998. Land Mammals of Oregon. University of California
Press, Berkeley, California. 668 pp.
Verts, B. J. and L. N. Carraway. 2000. Thomomys mazama. Mammalian Species 641:1-7.
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Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 1994. Endangered, Threatened and
Sensitive Vascular Plants of Washington.
Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife. 1999. Species of Concern: State
Candidate Species, Olympia, Washington.
Whitaker, J. O. 1996. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals,
Random House Publishing, New York.
Witmer, G. W. and M. J. Pipas. 1999. Field evaluation of radiotransmitters for northern
pocket gophers. Prairie Naturalist 31:9-20.
Witmer, G. W., R. D. Sayler, and M. J. Pipas. 1996. Biology and habitat use of the
Mazama pocket gopher (Thomomys mazama) in the Puget Sound area, Washington.
Northwest Science 70:93-98.
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` Dayton Airport Road Business Park Mazama Pocket Gopher Reconnaissance
APPENDIX A
PHOTOGRAPHS
20 March 07 PE Consultants LLC
Appendix
C ayton Airport Road Business Park Mazama Pocket Gopher Reconnaissance
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20 March 07 PE Consultants LLC
Appendix
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20 March 07 PE Consultants LLC
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860)705-2443'la...a v N T N INeERrnfsa,i DRAWN BY. cMM DAYTON AIRPORT No. DATE
300 Deschutes Way SW g § ' a �"'— ROADWAY AND DRAINAI3E BUSINESS.PARK REEMSIDN�-
suite 315 ERECKED BK,_-� PLAN
Tumwater WA 98501 AND PROFILE Civil Engineering.Land Mannin Pm 111 SCALE: 1' DAPBP. 50' •ALL.
9• Jett Management
DAZE 6 141 07
•PAR2008-00018
MASON COUNTY
WA