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2022/07/11 - Briefing Packet
MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONER BRIEFING INFORMATION FOR THE WEEK OF July 11, 2022 In the spirit of public information and inclusion,the attached is a draft of information for Commissioner consideration and discussion at the above briefing. This information is subject to change, additions and/or deletion, and is not all inclusive of what will be presented to the Commissioners. Please see draft briefing agenda for schedule. 1854 Our Commission meetings are live streamed at hiip://www.masonwebtv.com/and we will accept public comment via email msmith(&masoncountvwa.gov;or mail to Commissioners Office,411 North 51 Street, Shelton,WA 98584;or call 360-427-9670 ext.419. If you need to listen to the Commission meeting via your telephone,please provide your telephone number to the Commissioners' office no later than 4 p.m.the Friday before the meeting. BOARD OF MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS DRAFT BRIEFING MEETING AGENDA 411 North Fifth Street, Shelton WA 98584 Week of July 11,2022 Monday,July 11,2022 Commission Chambers Times are subject to change,depending on the amount of business presented 9:00 A.M. Department of Transportation—Steve Roark,Olympic Region Administrator 9:30 A.M. Sweetwater Creek Park Project—Mendy Harlow,Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group 9:45 A.M. Mason County Chamber of Commerce—Heidi McCutcheon 10:00 A.M. Indigent Defense—Peter Jones 10:10 A.M. Support Services—Mark Neary 10:25 A.M. Community Services—Dave Windom 10:35 A.M. Public Works—Loretta Swanson Utilities&Waste Management Commissioner Discussion—as needed Briefing Agendas are subject to change,please contact the Commissioners'office for the most recent version. Last printed 07/07/22 at 11:53 AM If special accommodations are needed,contact the Commissioners'office at Shelton(360)427-9670 ext.419 May 25, 2022 The Land and Water Conservation Fund Coalition Recreation and Conservation Office PO Box 40917 Olympia WA 98504-0917 RE: Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group Sweetwater Creek/Waterwheel Park To Whom it May Concern, On behalf of the Shelton-Mason County Chamber of Commerce—representing 400 businesses and nonprofits and their 6,000 employees—I am pleased to express my enthusiastic support for the Sweetwater Creek Waterwheel Park Project, spearheaded by the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group. The Chamber embraces the idea that we, as individual businesses and community stakeholders, share a responsibility to be good stewards of our natural resources.This project serves that obligation while also promoting recreational and tourism activities that stimulate business and job creation.This is an integral part of creating a healthy economy. We are pleased to support this project particularly, as it will improve community attributes that substantially influence decisions by employers and employees to locate and r remain in the community, including livability, access to amenities, and other factors. �"+sJ The new park, trail, and restored stream will be of tremendous benefit to residents of the local community as well as to those visiting Mason County. Projects such as this play an important role in quality-of-life issues, healthy lifestyles, and meeting the need for increased recreational opportunities. In addition to the waterwheel, the park will include enhanced ADA accessibility for fishing and recreation as well as address needed repairs to existing trails and bridges. Conveniently located near transit lines, the Mary E. Theler Center, and Union River Estuary trails, the park will enhance environmental learning and provide additional community and visitor opportunities. I urge the committee to support the Sweetwater Creek Waterwheel Park Project for the benefit of the local community and for all of those who visit this beautiful area. The Shelton-Mason County Chamber of Commerce offers our full support for Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group's project for Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park. If you have any questions or would simply like to contact me, please do not hesitate. Sincerely, 1 Heidi McCutcheon President &CEO heidi@masonchamber.com (360) 490-3741 mobile V) Past Office Box 2389 • 215 W►Railroad Avenue Shelton,WA 98584 (36Q) 426-2021•masonchamber.com April 20, 2022 To Whom It May Concern: As a veteran teacher in the North Mason School District, I fully support the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group's Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project. The new park,trail and restored stream will be a tremendous benefit to the teachers, parents and students of Belfair and North Mason County. As a STEM teacher, I fully understand how important it is for students to have the opportunity for hands on learning.This project would be so beneficial to improving outdoor learning for students pre-school to high school, as well as community members. I look forward to potentially using this space for field trips and for more engaging class lessons.This project will provide a chance for students to learn about the environment in an outdoor setting, as well as witness habitat restoration with the return and importance of native plants and salmon. As a teacher, I believe these experiences are invaluable if we want our students to be stewards of the environment and astute citizens. The park will be in a location that is ideal for local teachers, parents and kids; due to it's proximity to the City of Belfair and transit lines it can be reached by foot, bike, bus or car, making it extremely accessible. Since it is adjacent to Belfair Elementary, students will be able to walk to it and there will be no transportation costs for outdoor education opportunities that it will make available. Sand Hill, Hawkins, and the High School will be able to transport students for very little cost. I am hopeful that this project will receive funding so that we may give more opportunities to students to experience the outdoors and learn from nature. I believe this project will greatly enhance the quality of life in our community and improve the city of Belfair overall. Sincerely, Carla Fontenot STEM Teacher Belfair Elementary DATE: 4/21/2022 To Whom It May Concern: As a parent of a 3rd grade student currently enrolled in a Belfair Elementary and a 7tn grade student currently enrolled in Hawkins Middle School, I fully support the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group's Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project. The newly restored park,trail, and stream will be a tremendous benefit to the parents and students of Belfair and North Mason County.Settings such as the one proposed in this project play an important role in quality of life issues, healthy lifestyles, and help meet the need for increased recreational opportunities in Mason County. I believe there is an essential need for children to have places to play and learn outside;as opposed to all the distractions the digital age can bring into their lives.The park will be in a location that is ideal for local parents and kids; due to it's proximity to the City of Belfair and transit lines it can be reached by foot, bike, bus or car, making it extremely accessible. I am especially supportive of the project's implementation of a natural playground that will allow kids the opportunity to interact with nature, rather than plastic toys and structures.This project will provide a chance for my children to learn about the environment in an engaging outdoor setting. Not to mention they get the opportunity to learn about the importance of habitat restoration and the essential roles played by salmon and native plants in our environment.As a parent, I believe these experiences are invaluable if we want our children to be stewards of the environment and astute citizens. I am hopeful that this project will receive funding so that we may raise our children in safer, healthier, and greener spaces. I believe this project will greatly enhance the quality of life in our community and improve the city of Belfair overall. Sincerely, C 6 ,., April 15, 2022 Land and Water Conservation Fund Advisory Committee Natural Resources Building 1111 Washington St SE Olympia, WA 98504 Re: Sweetwater Creek Waterwheel Park Project #22-1590 Dear Land and Water Conservation Fund Advisory Committee Members, We wish to express our enthusiastic support of the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group and Port of Allyn's Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project. We appreciate the addition of such a well thought out space for recreation and renewal in Belfair. We are a community with many natural resources that projects like this make available to all, and support quality of life issues, healthy lifestyles, and meet the need for increased recreational opportunities in both Allyn and Belfair, WA. We appreciate that this project contains so many environmentally thoughtful ideas, such as Electric Vehicle Charging, access to public transportation, removing fish passage barriers, and provides learning and access to all, with its many ADA access provisions. We appreciate the hard work and perseverance of the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group and the Port of Allyn in making this park a reality, We urge the committee to support the Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project for the benefit of our local community. Sincerely, John and Marilyn Corrigan POB 1846 51 NE Blomlie Road Belfair, Washington 98528 April 20, 2022 Land and Water Conservation Fund Advisory Committee Natural Resources Building 1111 Washington St SE Olympia, WA 98504 Re: Sweetwater Creek Waterwheel Park Project #22-1590 Dear Land and Water Conservation Fund Advisory Committee Members, Thank you for letting me express my support of the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group and Port of Allyn's Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project. I appreciate the addition of such a well thought out space for recreation and renewal in Belfair. Mason County is a community with many natural resources that projects like this make available to all and meet the need for increased recreational opportunities in both Allyn and Belfair, WA. I appreciate that this project contains so many environmentally thoughtful ideas, such as Electric Vehicle Charging, access to public transportation, removing fish passage barriers, as well as providing acess to all, with its many ADA access provisions. I applaud the efforts of the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group and the Port of Allyn for their thoughtful planning and I urge the Advisory Committee to support the Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project for the benefit of our local community. Sincerely, 20�-k 240 South 7ch St Shelton, Washington 98584 Great Peninsula Conservancy Protecting our lands and ivatersfor generations to come April 20, 2022 To Whom It May Concern: I am submitting this letter in support of the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group's Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project. The new park,trail,and restored stream will be a tremendous benefit to the people of Belfair and North Mason County. Settings such as the one proposed in this project play an important role in the quality of life issues,healthy lifestyles, and meet the need for increased recreational opportunities in both Allyn and Belfair, WA. The park will include repaired trails and bridges in addition to the waterwheel, allowing the public to finally enjoy this space that is conveniently located near other transit lines and local trails, such as the Mary E. Theler Center and Union River Estuary walking trails. I believe this project will greatly enhance the community and create a valuable amenity for visitors. The project will also create essential environmental learning opportunities for all,ADA accessible fishing, and recreational opportunities, as well as a beautiful space for our community to gather together. I recommend your committee support the Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project. Sincerely, Nathan Daniel Executive Director 423Pacific Avenue, Suite 300, Bremerton, WA98337 (360)373-3500• info@greatpeninsula.org• www.greatpeninsula.org a Great Peninsula Conservancy Protecting our.lands and tvotersJrn•generations to come 423 Pacific Avenue, Suite Soo, Bremerton, WA98337 (36o)373-3500• info@greatpeninsula.org greatpeninsula.org• www.greatpeninsula.org Q ii: April 14,2022 Land and Water Conservation Fund Advisory Committee Natural Resources Building 1111 Washington St SE Olympia,WA 98504 Re: Sweetwater Creek Waterwheel Park Project#22-1590 Dear Land and Water Conservation Fund Advisory Committee Members, I am submitting this letter to express my full and enthusiastic support of the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group and Port of Allyn's Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project.The new park, trail and restored stream will be a tremendous benefit to the people of Belfair and the North Mason County.Settings such as the one proposed in this project play an important role in the quality of life issues,healthy lifestyles,and meet the need for increased recreational opportunities in both Allyn and Belfair,WA. The park will include fish passage barrier removal,recreational trails and bridges and a restored waterwheel,allowing the public to finally enjoy this space that was previously acquired with Aquatic Lands Enhancement Account funding.The park is conveniently located near public transit lines and adjacent to existing local trails,such as the Mary E.Theler Wetlands and the Union River Estuary walking trails.We believe this project will greatly enhance the community and create a wonderful addition for new visitors.The park will also create essential environmental learning opportunities for all,ADA accessible fishing and recreational opportunities,as well as a beautiful space for our community to gather together.We urge the committee to support the Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project for the benefit of my local community. Sincerely, Ronald E. Bock Ronald E. Bock,Treasurer Hood Canal Improvement Club PO Box 312, Union WA 98592 ronbock.union@gmail.com ig L-;-00? go�( teal P ",w Lk*y Gttwha,{ 9e-Sat-- ir-C,eS a� i�e J 1�11 1 Ia sh; ^j �o r S-f• S. e 0 � y .w � et 1 S ��`f"1,✓a��t- C- re e W�f� 1,.� � Park pmj QP_.a.ic C—o m m ct 1r i ✓� ro wK t.� i rt `��- S a_Y-e-a a ttie( nDw Ana vr`�-5' � � I r 4-k �4 m of -A.,1a ( So- ( wow - h A a K e-,, -m e*,.t G-ra( L, a- i o r� o q A-l( A'S' -�w e e.,t L,.P eLj-e- - )y-e-e-�K �✓ct'f'e�- l..f�e d C r&O-K t b e Q ` F& meoetz�(ous� bye- a f, off' ti�t�►'a��- R. �� © 1- t`F o r'�`�1 �� SDI �--0 u n.�{4, � S°�- `��n,QS' � Ct.C�4.,S ' e o n e_ r-6 f c s e f i{� `E't�r� s ' ct ( (GL � h e W a k e� a [ �iE'- (e.F erg ary i�/ I M Ls..rt e- C-O),^ 1r-a M ► S e� �r� e-Ar S �w k b I`o V eX Y-At �r r�S !• a% �r q- n o � C-e s t, ' i eotte- me-e-vs (+ke- re-�S TD'� l tt� Lv-� Gt S e rP��i D Yea o Dortzw1leds � y 1 S - �-r i P-i- -e rrt o v f 2 �r eQ J-}- --{� r ��e1s/ n c� l W a f e r w k e- l L_Gt 6 ow t r f `�i'� °`- u C/< e- i�o i Q- ` 7 <e t S S ppp o-c e �I-�a."f' W A- !$ r Q V'o u S ( l-�G E t t � ( L klGt lA �ar-4C S c-a van ie-,1+ o � x�0 �� -fraA'Srf ( t Aes 4/2A1� a61 ac&�n� f,q kV � oC-ort �r (S. R%vev ��"Ar � ( �,, ¢ �a� �s s �e bit lie +klss ro,' e cf �,k At roc e. - -�-le c o m1K it n Zia e.��a�- a v►f o r7 f a a� -I f o r -�o Y h 1 S O Gt-e e_ e5S t at �-N U i t-t� oPj°or 14 pti �..�e-ss r`.� t S /� 0-nd t-e- G rear o e\-a t o �Q o r u n 4-, E S a S l„i2 C a l e + v e f k e r 1.,fe_ u.t- e -{-y�� c� r�►m � `-a tj r i ✓t C-L� r� t � 6 i.Aece2_ GCIrrig p ez)X s--0- pia PO Box 561 Silverdale,WA 98383 Date: April 20th, 2022 To Whom It May Concern: The Kitsap Poggie Club is a recreational anglers club that supports restoration efforts and increased fishing opportunities within the Kitsap and Mason County communities. We look to the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group as a leader in these efforts in our region. For these reasons, on behalf of the 200 families in the Kitsap Poggie Club, I am submitting this letter to express my full and enthusiastic support of the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group's Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project. The new park, trail and restored stream will be a tremendous benefit to the people of Belfair and North Mason County. Settings such as the one proposed in this project play an important role in the quality of life issues, healthy lifestyles, and meet the need for increased recreational opportunities in both Allyn and Belfair, WA. The park will include repaired trails and bridges in addition to the waterwheel, allowing the public to finally enjoy this space that is conveniently located near transit lines and local trails, such as the Mary E. Theler Center and Union River Estuary walking trails. We believe this project will greatly enhance the community and create a wonderful addition for new visitors. The project will also create essential environmental learning opportunities for all, ADA accessible fishing and recreational opportunities, as well as a beautiful space for our community to gather together. We urge the committee to support the Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project for the benefit of our local community. Sincerely, Andrew Wright President Kitsap Poggie Club State of STATE WaslAngton CONNFRCT k c:\>nNc :LT'LI GISLA I'MIE DISTI11C 1, tiouse of R:�NK1N(:nRe,11sER DREW MACEWEN Representatives AN 11OrRINHONS ASSISTA NT FLOOR LEADER AS9ISL%NT RANKING SILMER LV - ,�*F' CAI>ITAL BUDGET 'i April 21, 2022 To:The Aquatic Lands Enhancement Account Recreation and Conservation Office PO Box 40917 Olympia WA 98504-0917 To whom it may concern, I am submitting this letter to express my full and enthusiastic support of the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group's Sweetwater Creek Waterwheel Park Project. The new park,trail and restored stream will be of tremendous benefit to all persons of the local community as well as those visiting from abroad. Projects such as this play an important role in quality-of-life issues, healthy lifestyles, and meet the need for increased recreational opportunities. In addition to the waterwheel,the park will include enhanced ADA accessibility for fishing and recreational opportunities,as well as needed repair to existing trails and bridges. Conveniently located near transit lines,the Mary E.Theler Center and Union River Estuary trails,the park will enhance environmental learning and provide additional community and visitor opportunities. I urge the committee to support the Sweetwater Creek Waterwheel Park Project for the benefit of the local community and for all of those who visit this beautiful area. With kind regards, Drew MacEwen State Representative 35th Legislative District LEGISLATIVE OFFICE:427A LEGISLATIVE IWILDIVG • 1'0 BOX 4(Xi(N)•OLYMPIA.%%A!)87,04-04i(N)• 360-86--902 E-M.\IL: Un•w.\la(ii�('rnG(IrKAIa.};uv 'fUl.l:PRl A:LEGISI..\TINE.IIO"I-LINF: I-S(N):iG1-(NNN)•TIN: I•Ii(N)-R:1:1•IiatlFl•�\'w�\.Ic•y;.wu.>4)\ Smw / f sz`n xo,o," `/m.`. Wil*hi/igtox' o^mo,^zAGAMING n~u,1s1.n"//°~xm, }kms' o/ ucK����m^ mmsvvNo^/aoym u,nm,o^noxs ^euW^~n,u"*u^ma A."ISTANTx^xxm. MEMBER anaLmm;Lr Jp Apri121' 2022 To:The Land and Water Conservation Fund Coalition Recreation and Conservation Office PO Box 409l7 Olympia VVA98SO4'0917 To whom it may concern, I am submitting this letter to express my full and enthusiastic support of the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Gnoup's Sweetwater Creek Waterwheel Park Project. The new park trail and restored stream will be of tremendous benefit to all persons of the local community as well as those visiting from abroad. Projects such as this play an important role in quality-of-life issues, healthy lifestyles, and meet the need for increased recreational opportunities. In addition to the waterwheel,the park will include enhanced ADA accessibility for fishing and recreational opportunities, as well as needed repair to existing trails and bridges. Conveniently located near transit lines,the Mary E.Theler Center and Union River Estuary trails,the park will enhance environmental learning and provide additional community and visitor opportunities. | urge the committee to support the Sweetwater Creek Waterwheel Park Project for the benefit of the local community and for all of those who visit this beautiful area. With kind regards, 67-Atle--, DoewMacEwen State Representative 3S`" Legislative District LEGISLATIVE OFFICE:+z,^/z,/e"^n,*w,/z"m` ^ ",BOX*"x".^m^^/n^.x^'mm°."x".^ 30-78 -74e s*A/L:/","`h,/^".�^�=.`*" Nth Mas>�rz April 25th, 2022 To Whom it May Concern, I recently had the opportunity to review the plans for the proposed Sweetwater Creek Waterwheel Park in Belfair, as provided by the Port of Allyn. This project appears to be an amazing opportunity for the citizens of North Mason. North Mason County is a community that falls behind in the number formal outdoor recreational areas enjoyed by our neighboring communities. I am excited at the potential to bring my two small children to enjoy such a beautiful outdoor space that is close to our home. I am aware that several safety concerns have risen at the park's currently undeveloped site, but I would assume that these safety concerns can be mitigated, and the overall safety of the area improved, with stakeholder engagement, identification and adherence to safety recommendations and park development. I further assume that the park will adhere to all state and federal codes and regulations that apply to the project prior to and during the development of the park. Should that be the case I do not identify any immediate issues that would hinder the Authority's emergency response capability or capacity, to include fire and emergency medical service provision at the park site. There will be an adequate supply of water at the site, buildings will comply with very latest in fire protection regulations and there is adequate access into and around the park. I thank all stakeholders for the time and effort that that are putting in to make our community better. A project like Sweetwater Creek Waterwheel Park can be a family destination and crown jewel for recreation through the region, but it cannot be accomplished without the hard work of many individuals. Sincerely, A� Beau Bakken, Fire Chief North Mason Regional Fire Authority NoRTii MAsox HAMBER BELFAIR LICENSING I VISITOR CENTER April 18, 2022 To:Whom it May Concern Re: Sweetwater Creek/Waterwheel Park Project We are aware and extremely excited about the proposed Sweetwater Creek/Waterwheel Park Project. This park has been discussed for some time in our community.We are elated to see it continue moving forward for funding. The North Mason Chamber of Commerce has and will continue to support this project in any way possible. For the first time,we have an amazing amount of investment taking place in our community right now.As our community continues to evolve, our need for parks and trails is paramount to our local developing theme and sense of place. In addition, and in lock step with the Mason County EDC, we continue to direct our focus on expanding our eco-tourism based commerce.This is just one more reason why this project checks so many boxes in gaining our support.We truly believe this unique plan will create a park with a regional draw.The trail system to be developed in the next phase will truly be a destination trail system which we anticipate will become popular statewide. It will serve as a marketing piece and a sense of pride for all of Mason County and the entire Olympic Peninsula. In addition,this park is an essential development for recreational activities for our underserved youth. It will offer our schools an outdoor science lab for unique educational opportunities while restoring a salmon run as well. It will also serve as an economic development piece as we create an environmentally based sense of place in our community. As an organization,we enthusiastically support this project without hesitation and hope you find it worthy of your funding. It will make a significant difference in thousands of lives for years to come. Sincerely, Darren rliss,Chairman of the Board North Ma on Chamber of Commerce Pam Volz,President&CEO North Mason Chamber of Commerce April 19, 2022 Land and Water Conservation Fund Advisory Committee Natural Resources Building 1 111 Washington St. SE Olympia, WA 98504 Re: Sweetwater Creek Waterwheel Park Project#22-1590 Dear Land and Water Conservation Fund Advisory Committee Members, We are writing with great interest and expectation, to express our support for the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group and Port of Allyn's Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project. This park will be a wonderful extension to existing local trails in the Mary E. Theler Wetlands and the Union River Estuary. In addition to public trail expansion, there will be a restored stream and waterwheel, a fish passage removal barrier, and many new environmental learning opportunities. It is well documented that parks and other public recreational places, enrich communities by encouraging a wider variety of healthy lifestyle and recreational opportunities. With this in mind, this park is also ADA accessible and conveniently located near public transit. We look forward to committee support for the Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project. Sincerely, 11 i ��<�0'lo, Ae, �iait Linda Prato and Michael Ault Z COMMISSIONERS vOj M I! THOMASJ. FARMER Q PUBLIC UTILITY DISTRICT LINDA R.GOTT BRUCE E.JORGENSON MANAGER ANNETTE CREEKPAUM April 20, 2022 To Whom It May Concern: I am submitting this letter to express my full and enthusiastic support of the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group's Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project.The new park,trail and restored stream will be a tremendous benefit to the people of Belfair and North Mason County.Settings such as the one proposed in this project play an important role in the quality of life issues, healthy lifestyles, and meet the need for increased recreational opportunities in both Allyn and Belfair,WA. The park will include repaired trails and bridges in addition to the waterwheel, allowing the public to finally enjoy this space that is conveniently located near other transit lines and local trails, such as the Mary E.Theler Center and Union River Estuary walking trails. We believe this project will greatly enhance the community and create a wonderful addition for new visitors.The project will also create essential environmental learning opportunities for all,ADA accessible fishing and recreational opportunities, as well as a beautiful space for our community to gather together. We urge the committee to support the Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project for the benefit of my local community. Sincerely, �, � L"" " - Annette Creekpaum Manager P.O. Box 2148•Shelton, WA 98584• (Bus)360-426-8255• (Fax) 360-426-8547 www.pud3.org state of STATE REF'RESr:N'I'A'1'IV1: Washington EDUCATION 35lh LEGISLATIVE DISTRICT House of LOCAL(YOVERNA1BNT DAN GRIFFEY Representatives PUBLIC SAFETY s�•,1rf. J To Whom It May Concern: I would like to direct your attention to the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group's Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Riparian Protection Project. This important project will restore salmon runs to the upper reaches of Sweetwater Creek by creating a new stream channel around a historic water wheel.This exciting project will also bring a sorely needed park and trail to the Belfair Urban Growth Area that is accessible to everyone under the Americans with Disabilities Act. This project will create a world-class outdoor learning and recreational experience for people of all ages In Mason County directly adjacent to a restored salmon stream. Learning stations dealing with hydro- and solar-power generation,salmon ecology,and other aquatic resources issues,will greatly improve public understanding of these important issues and enhance existing North Mason School District curriculum, including a long-running and highly successful Salmon in the Classroom program. In addition,this project will restore the historic water wheel; acquire, clean up and protect a nuisance property;and create a trailhead for a proposed regional trail network. In light of the positive impact this project represents to both the local community and the environment, I am happy to offer my full support to this project and I am urging you to assist In bringing the Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Riparian Protection Project Plan to fruition. Sincerely, �i✓ Representative Dan Griffey LEGISLATIVE OFFICE: 410 JOI IN L.O'BRICN BUILDING • PO BOX 40500 • OLYMPIA.WA W004-0600 • 360-786.7966 E-MAIL: Dan.Griffey@lcg.wa.gov TOLI:FREE LEGISLATIVE HOTLINE: 1.800-562-00C)n • TDD: 1-800-635.9993 • WN1W.Ie6.WZ1.9gV PRINTED ON RLCYCIJ-D PAPRIt DATE:4/22/2022 To Whom It May Concern: As a 4`h grade teacher at Belfair Elementary, I fully support the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group's Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project. The newly restored park,trail,and stream will be a tremendous benefit to the parents and students of Belfair and North Mason County.Settings such as the one proposed in this project play an important role in quality of life issues, healthy lifestyles,and help meet the need for increased recreational opportunities in Mason County.As an educator, I believe there is an essential need for children to have places to play and learn outside; as opposed to all the distractions the digital age can bring into their lives.The park will be in a location that is ideal for local parents and kids;due to its proximity to the City of Belfair and transit lines it can be reached by foot, bike, bus or car, making it extremely accessible. I am especially supportive of the project's implementation of a natural playground that will allow kids the opportunity to interact with nature, rather than plastic toys and structures.This project will provide a chance for my students to learn about the environment in an engaging outdoor setting. Not to mention they get the opportunity to learn about the importance of habitat restoration and the essential roles played by salmon and native plants in our environment. I believe these experiences are invaluable if we want our children to be stewards of the environment and astute citizens of the future. I am hopeful that this project will receive funding so that we may raise our children in safer, healthier, and greener spaces. I believe this project will greatly enhance the quality of life in our community and improve the city of Belfair overall. Sincerely, April 21,2022 Land and Water Conservation Fund Advisory Committee Natural Resources Building 1111 Washington St SE Olympia,WA 98504 Re: Sweetwater Creek Waterwheel Park Project#22-1590 Dear Land and Water Conservation Fund Advisory Committee Members, I am submitting this letter to express my full and enthusiastic support of the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group and Port of Allyn's Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project.The new park, trail and restored stream will be a tremendous benefit to the people of Belfair and the North Mason County.Settings such as the one proposed in this project play an important role in the quality of life issues, healthy lifestyles, and meet the need for increased recreational opportunities in both Allyn and Belfair,WA. As a teacher at Belfair Elementary School,which adjoins the Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park, I led the After school Environmental Studies Club for 12 years, utilizing the underdeveloped trails along the creek. Students learned many interdisciplinary skills. We also had the Kiwanis Club of North Mason help us improve the trails. The new proposals will enhance the trails for future generations to learn and enjoy plus increase health outcomes. The park will include fish passage barrier removal, recreational trails and bridges and a restored waterwheel,allowing the public to finally enjoy this space that was previously acquired with Aquatic Lands Enhancement Account funding.The park is conveniently located near public transit lines and adjacent to existing local trails, such as the Mary E.Theler Wetlands and the Union River Estuary walking trails.We believe this project will greatly enhance the community and create a wonderful addition for new visitors.The park will also create essential environmental learning opportunities for all,ADA accessible fishing and recreational opportunities,as well as a beautiful space for our community to gather together.We urge the committee to support the Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project for the benefit of my local community. Sincerely, Michael and Bill Siptroth-Wright ez"- V - 2160 E Trails End Dr. Belfair,WA 98528 Gmail Mendy Harlow<men dy@pnwsalmon cente r.org> Letter of support for Sweetwater Creek Waterwheel Park Ryan Spurling<RSpurling@masoncountywa.gov> Tue, May 3, 2022 at 3:16 PM To: Mendy Harlow<mendy@pnwsalmoncenter.org> Cc:"Lary Coppola(Lary Coppola)"<Ifc@portofallyn.com>,Travis Adams<TAdams@masoncountywa.gov>, Casey Salisbury <CaseyS@masoncountywa.gov> Hi Mendy, Sorry it has taken some time to respond after we spoke at the Chamber meeting. I was teaching class all last week and I am just now catching up. I wanted to document the conversation Sheriff Salisbury and I had with Mr.Coppola on March 16, 2022.After a meeting at the Port of Allyn conference room for the North Mason Chamber of Commerce meeting, Mr. Coppola asked the Sheriff and I if we could discuss any concerns the Sheriff might have with the Sweetwater Park project.We looked over the design and the plans. ('Note that we have not had the opportunity to see the physical location yet,so we may adjust recommendations after doing that) Our concerns and recommendations included: • Physical and visual barrier between the park and the school. (We do not want a Registered Sex Offender to be able to stand at the fence and watch kids) • Call boxes,similar to a college campus • Access to Emergency vehicles • Lighting • Cameras Mr.Coppola was very open to our concerns and recommendations. We know that we do not have enough Deputies to do much proactive law enforcement with our current staffing and call volume.We also know that a new park may require proactive work to prevent it from becoming a location for additional crime and we will do our best to help as you progress through this process. R. Spurling Patrol Division Chief Mason County Sheriff's Office "Leading in excellence, service and safety" From: Mendy Harlow<mendy@pnwsalmoncenter.org> Sent:Tuesday,April 19, 2022 1:15 PM To: Ryan Spurling<RSpurling@masoncountywa.gov> Cc: Lary Coppola(Lary Coppola)<Ifc@portofallyn.com> Subject: Re: Letter of support for Sweetwater Creek Waterwheel Park Caution:External Email Warning!This email has originated from outside of the Mason County Network. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, are expecting the email, and know the content is safe. If a link sends you to a website where you are asked to validate using your Account and Password, DO NOT DO SO!Instead, report the incident. [Quoted text hidden] April 21,2022 Recreation and Conservation Office Natural Resources Building 1111 Washington St SE Olympia, WA 98504 Re: Sweetwater Creek Waterwheel Park Project#22-1590 and#22-1682 Dear Advisory Committee Members, I am very enthusiastically submitting this letter to express my full support for the Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project being proposed by the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group and Port of Allyn.This new park,trail and restored stream will be a tremendous benefit to the people of Belfair and the North Mason County. I have spoken to many, many people who have fond memories of the waterwheel and open spaces surrounding the area. Settings such as the one proposed in this project play an important role in not only enhancing the quality of life issues, healthy lifestyles,and increased recreational opportunities in both Allyn and Belfair that new people to the area and younger generations can enjoy, but it will also bring pride and joy to those who have seen our open spaces diminish in the County. Sincerely, f Sheri Staley Shelton,WA DEREK KILMER DICES: 6T 1 M%TYCT,IVAMP T* 2059 RMpJ1M C wr4e 8 luor. WAHa,oa.DC 20515 COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS (/� 12M 225-5916 DEFENSFIOR EN IRCA TTE. VI ongre�g of for Ziniteb 6tatez &*1V1231) hur YNTEDAG NCIES MlENT, ��141� T.wt*�A.1VA 9"02 AND gELATEO AGENCIES 5U1�^..CfAMIT/EE 1 EMFIGY AND WATER oggP of Repregelttatibro 1253?272-3515 DEVELOPMENT SUBCOMMITTEE 345 6n#STrrrT surtE 500 i-asbington, ZD C 20515-4706 WAPM37 13MI 373-9725 www.luftArhouz gar May 13,2022 To Whom It May Concern: I am submitting this letter to express my support of the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group's Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project and their efforts to secure funding through the Aquatic Lands Enhancement Grants and the Land and Water Conservation fund. The new park,trail and restored stream will be a tremendous benefit to the people of Belfair and North Mason County. Settings such as the one proposed in this project play an important role in the quality-of-life issues, healthy lifestyles,and meet the need for increased recreational opportunities in both Allyn and Belfair, WA. The park will include repaired trails and bridges in addition to the waterwheel, allowing the public to finally enjoy this space that is conveniently located near other transit lines and local trails, such as the Mary E. Theler Center and Union River Estuary walking trails. We believe this project will greatly enhance the community and create a wonderful addition for new visitors. The project will also create essential environmental learning opportunities for all, ADA accessible fishing and recreational opportunities, as well as a beautiful space for our community to gather. For these reasons, I strongly support and urge full and fair consideration of Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group's Sweetwater Creek Water Wheel Park Project and their efforts to secure funding through the Aquatic Lands Enhancement Grants and the Land and Water Conservation fund. Should you have any questions,please contact Katy Crabtree in my Bremerton district office at 360-373-9725 or Katy.Crabtree@mail.house.gov. Sincerely, 2�1 Derek Kilmer Member of Congress June 1, 2022 To Whom It May Concern: Please accept this letter of support for the Sweetwater Creek Park project that will provide increased educational and accessible recreational opportunities and amenities to the Belfair Urban Growth Area and will result in the removal of a significant fish passage barrier for salmon. The Port of Allyn, in partnership with the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group has presented this outstanding opportunity for the County to collaborate with the Recreation and Conservation Office,Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, North Mason School District and other local governments to bring much needed recreational opportunities to the Urban Growth Area.These community non-profits and municipal entities continue to explore the framework for joint and long term maintenance and operations of the proposed park. It is our expectation that development of the Sweetwater Creek Park Project will make every effort to remove fish passage barriers, particularly the dams (WDFW site ID 15.0504 0.26 and 15.0504 0.32)present on the proposed site, as part of the park's development. Project partners, both public and private, should endeavor to work with the Skokomish Indian Tribe, who counts this area among their usual and accustomed fishing grounds, Department of Fish and Wildlife, Department of Transportation and Mason County to achieve this goal. This is especially important in light of secured funding to widen State Route 3 in the area of Sweetwater Creek in the coming years. The Board of Commissioners understands the important role parks play in creating a vibrant, urban community. With the exception of the .15 acre Bill Hunter Park,there is no public park space within the Belfair UGA boundary. We welcome the partnerships this project brings together to increase park access that complements the outdoor learning opportunities already available through the North Mason School District programs in partnership with the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group. The Board of Mason County Commissioners support the applications for funding through the Recreation and Conservation Office and will work with project proponents to establish the framework and mutual collaboration necessary to bring the park forward. BOARD OF MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS f Mason County Agenda Request Form To: Board of Mason County Commissioners From: Peter Jones Ext.280 Department: Public Defense Briefing: Action Agenda: EK Public Hearing: ❑ Special Meeting: ❑ Briefing Date(s): July 11,2022 Agenda Date: July 19,2022 Internal Review: ❑Finance ❑ Human Resources ❑ Legal ❑ Information Technology ❑ Other (This is the responsibility of the requesting Department) Below for Clerk of the Board's Use Only: Item Number: Approved: ❑Yes ❑ No ❑ Tabled ❑ No Action Taken Ordinance/Resolution No. Contract No. County Code: Item New Juvenile Defender position. Background/Executive Summary: Current changes to the Office of Civil Legal Aid(OCLA) standards for dependency need to be addressed and contract representation of child representative dependency cases is no longer feasible. This, combined with the loss of the Juvenile Defense contractor,creates a need to consolidate these contract services in-house. See the attached memorandum for details. Budget Impact(amount,funding source,budget amendment): The 2022 budget can likely be handled by the transfer of funds within the departmental budget(see attached memorandum). There may be some impact to the 2023 budget. As OCLA is in the process of assuming financial responsibility for child representation, and Mason County is likely on the list for 2024 conversion,there may be long-term revenue possibilities. Public Outreach(news release,community meeting,etc.): N/A Requested Action: Approval of the new position at the Deputy II level to be titled"Juvenile Deputy"with the primary responsibilities of handling juvenile representation in both offender and dependency dockets. Attachments: Memorandum MEMORADUM FROM: Peter Jones, Chief Public Defender TO: Mason County Board of County Commissioners RE: Juvenile caseload changes and need forjuvenile deputy position. Introduction: As of July 1, 2022,two things have happened. OCLA (Office of Civil Legal Aid), has shifted its civil caseload standards for child representation cases in dependency downward from 80 to 60 cases. In addition, our normal contract service provider forjuvenile offender cases is no longer available, as Ms. Butler is now our Court Commissioner. This presents both a need and an opportunity to consolidate these two functions into a hired position. Long-term revenue potential makes this a desirable idea, and short-term budget considerations are minor. ISSUE#1: OCLA standards Prior to July 1, 2022, a full caseload for Child Representation in Dependency consisted of 80 currently- open cases. As of July 5, 2022,that number has shifted downward to 60 cases. Dependency Child representation is the representation of children who are in the midst of a child protection case. It requires a specialized knowledge of the workings of Dependency cases,which are very complicated. It also requires the ability to earn the trust of your client and provide them with a sense of safety and input in a world where it feels like they have very little control. It is possibly one of the most specialized, difficult areas of law this office engages in. Foster children are traumatized, hurt, and caught up in a system through actions not their own, and making sure they feel like they have a voice in their future is the job of their representative. Mason County's current service provider for these cases is Kristen Bishopp,who services up to 50 cases at any one time at a current rate of$3,700 per month. At first glance, it would appear that this shift does not affect Mason County. However,the issue comes with the chance for Ms. Bishopp—or whichever contractor succeeds her—to supplement their income. Ms. Bishopp currently maintains a contract directly with OCLA to service an additional 27 cases of post- dependency long-term foster care representation,for which she is paid at the rate of$5,800 per month. The reduction in caseload standards, however, has drastically shifted the burden of our 50-case load. Instead of contracting for 5/8 of an attorney's available caseload (62.5%), our caseload now represents 5/6 of an attorney's available caseload (83.3%). Ms. Bishopp is therefore forced to choose between her two contracts, as she can no longer hold a caseload of 77 cases. Her choice is between doing our contract-50 cases for$3,700/month—or the OCLA contract-27 cases for$5,800/month. I find it unlikely that she will opt to maintain ours. Nor do I find it likely that any other attorney will take our contract,given that we will now be asking that 83.3%of their available caseload be tied up for$3,700. In terms of yearly revenue, if$3,700 represents 83.3%of a caseload,we are imputing a yearly payment for a full attorney's service at$53,301—and that's for an attorney position that requires very specialized knowledge. ISSUE#2: Loss of Juvenile Offender Service Provider As a complete(but timely)coincidence,the office is also faced with a need to replace the attorney who'd been covering ourjuvenile offender calendar. That attorney is none other than Tirsa Butler, who has been appointed by the Superior Court to be our new Commissioner. While this is a very good thing for our county overall, it has the effect of leaving vacant a caseload for representing juveniles on the offender calendar as well as the dependency calendar. We are currently paying$60.00/hour for juvenile cases. In the month that I have had knowledge of Ms. Butler's promotion, I have been unable to persuade any other attorney to take this caseload. It is, coincidentally, roughly 15-20%of a full caseload, and shares many clients with the child representation in dependency, as the Venn Diagram of foster children and children with criminal offenses shows a strong overlap. SOLUTION: The Child Representation in Dependency cases now represent such a volume of total caseload that it is unlikely that anything short of an employed position will tempt an attorney to take it, absent a drastic increase in the compensation. The Juvenile Offender calendar does not provide enough supplemental income, based on its$60.00/hr,to effectively supplement the CRD caseload for one attorney on contract. Therefore,the proposed solution is to create an employed position for a juvenile deputy at the Deputy II level. BUDGET IMPACT: Current budget status(the good news): We are budgeted in the 2022 budget for Child Representation for both this contract and also for the provision of conflict services. However, as I have been covering the conflicts personally,the conflict services portion of the Child Representation budget is underutilized this year. Thus, an employed position beginning August 1, 2022, could be funded by shifting money out of Indigent Defense's general expenditures back to salaries/benefits. See attached e-mail from Jennifer Beirle for this breakdown. 2023 budget status(the bad news): As we will be making this an employed position, I will no longer be able to handle conflict cases. Thus, while much of the budget will be able to shift,not all. Thus, I expect that this will represent an increase to the 2023 budget. However,given the lowering of the caseload standards for CRD caseloads, I believe that we would need to increase funding for those cases regardless. 2024 budget status(the speculation): Nothing here is set in stone, but state OCLA is in the process of assuming at least partial fiscal responsibility for CRD caseloads. Currently, OCLA has Mason County on its list for July 1, 2024,for assuming this fiscal responsibility. Thus,while the expenses in the 2024 budget may not be different, there is additional potential revenue that would be coming. Currently it appears that this revenue is probably in the$100,000 range, but you'll note the number of weasel words used there. This still falls into the realm of speculation, and I mention it here only as a consideration, and not a guarantee by any means. It is very likely that at some point there will be a revenue opportunity of some for from OCLA. When and how much estimates are...rough, at the moment. RECOMMENDATION The CRD caseload now represents almost an entire attorney's worth of work, and we're paying about half an attorney's pay for it. An increase in expenditure in this caseload is unavoidable. As such, absorbing this into a paid position in order to include the juvenile offender calendar makes sense, and is recommended. Signed this 5th Day of July, 2022, pgw��2— Pet es APPENDIX 1: E-mail From Jen Beirle RE: Juvenile Defense Issues Jennifer Beierle h Reply iue 6/2120221048 AM To. MarkNeary;Peter Jones A nbot IYou replied on 6/21/2022 1059 AM. ILabel:MasonCounty(3 months)Expires:9/19/2022 10:48 AM New Permanent Positio... v 17 KB v Show all 1 attachments(17 KB) Download Action Items Mark&Peter, Please see the attached estimate for a DPD II FTE,beginning in 2023.1 know this will be effective as of 7/1,but we have funds to move around in 2022,if necessary.It looks like we have about$74k budgeted in 2022,with about 520k expended through May,for the Juvenile Dependency Contract,if this is the contract you're referencing. Jenn APPENDIX 2- EXPENDITURE ESTIMATE Department: Office of Public Defense Bargaining Unit: Office of Public Defense Position Title: Deputy Public Defender II *Estimates Based on 111121-12131123 Contract 2023Budget 2023Budget Impact- 12 Impact- 12 months at Bottom months at Top Step 1 Step 5 Monthly Salary 76,850 S 84,828 Total Salaries&Wages: S 76,850 S 84,828 FICA $ 5,879 $ 6,489 PERS $ 7,877 $ 8,695 WA Paid FMLA $ 113 $ 124 Industrial Insurance(rate/hr) $ 411 $ 411 Medical (Monthly) $ 17,592 $ 17,592 Uniform $ 500 $ 500 Unemployment(Annual) $ 200 $ 200 Estimated Info Tech.Charge: $ 500 $ 500 Total Benefits: 5 33,072 $ 34,512 Total Salary& Benefits Budget Impacts: s 109,922 $ 119,340 r Mason County Administrator 411 N 5tn Street Shelton, WA 98584 (360) 427-9670 ext. 419 Mason County Commissioner Briefing Items from County Administrator July 11, 2022 • Specific Items for Review FEMA Update—John June 2022 Financial Report—Jenn • Commissioner Discussion Background Checks on Board Appointees—Cmmr. Shutty MASON COUNTY BRIEFING ITEM SUMMARY FORM To: Board of Mason County Commissioners From: John Taylor Department: Emergency Management Ext: 806 Briefing Date: Previous Briefing Dates: If this is a follow-up briefing, please provide only new information Item: Disaster Response FEMA Approach (Cascadia Rising) Executive Summary: (If applicable, please include available options and potential solutions): In most people's minds in the Pacific Northwest, the most devastating disaster is an earthquake. The earthquake scenario with the biggest fear currently is Cascadia Rising. The attached document bases the exercise scenario on the information provided in the entire document. The paper combines Washington and Oregon infrastructure damage and loss of life projections. The follow-on disasters, such as after-shocks, tsunamis, and future risks created by an incident of this magnitude, are essential to keep in mind. Also pertinent is understanding the Cascadia Subduction Zone, its location, synergistic effects created by its movement throughout the region, and their impact on the Pacific Northwest. However, wildland fires are historically the most frequent, devastating, and complex disasters we face. We tend to perceive them as common occurrences during the summer months, underestimating their potential of becoming a disaster and the life-long effects such an underestimation carries for those experiencing their devastation. Budget Impact: TBD Public Outreach:(Include any legal requirements, direct notice, website,community meetings, etc.) Mason County Code- 2-19 Revised Code of Washington State (RCW) 38.52 Robert T. Stafford Act (PL 100.707) Recommended or Requested Action: Briefing requested by the Commission. Attachments: 1. Cascadia Rising Exercise Scenario Document Briefing Summary 7/6/2022 EXERCISE SCENARIO DOCUMENT CASGADIA R I S 1 N G CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE (CSZI CATASTROPHIC EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI January 2015 Functional Exercise 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Exercise Facts and Assumptions ............................................................................................................ 6 Disclaimer .................................................................... 6 ....................................................................... Methodology ........................................................................................................................................ 7 CascadiaRegion Overview ................................................................................................................... 10 CascadiaSubduction Zone ................................................................................................................... 11 Anatomy of a Cascadia Zone Earthquake ........................................................................................ 12 ShakingIntensity ............................................................................................................................ 13 TheTsunami .................................................................................................................................. 16 Aftershocks .................................................................................................................................... 17 Landslidesand Liquefaction ............................................................................................................. 18 FutureRisk...................................................................................................................................... 20 TsunamiImpacts ................................................................................................................................ 22 Washington:Tsunami Impacts ......................................................................................................... 23 Oregon: Tsunami Impacts .............................................................................................................._27 PopulationImpacts ............................................................................................................................. 30 Injuries ......................................................................................................................................... 32 Fatalities ....................................................................................................................................... 34 Washington: Injuries and Fatalities ................................................................................................. 35 Oregon: Injuries and Fatalities ....................................................................................................... 36 TransportationSystems ....................................................................................................................... 37 Roads .................................................................................................................................................. 38 Washington: Roads ........................................................................................................................ 41 Oregon: Roads ............................................................................................................................... 43 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS RoadBridges ....................................................................................................................................... 45 Washington: Road Bridges ............................................................................................................. 48 Seattle Metro: Roads and Bridges...................................................................................................... 52 Oregon: Road Bridges ................................................................................................................... 55 Portland Metro: Roads and Bridges................................................................................................... 59 AirTransportation ............................................................................................................................... 62 Washington: Air Transportation ...................................................................................................... 64 Oregon: Air Transportation ............................................................................................................. 66 RailTransportation Systems .................................................................................................................. 68 Washington: Rail Transportation .................................................................................................... 70 Oregon: Rail Transportation ........................................................................................... Seaports .............................................................................................................................................. 76 Washington: Seaports ..................................................................................................................... 81 Oregon: Seaports ............................................................................................................................ 84 Water Resource Infrastructure .............................................................................................................._ 86 Damsand Levees................................................................................................................................... 87 ElectricPower Systems .............................................................................................................._ 88 Washington: Electric Powcr.............................................................................................................. 90 Oregon: Electric Power..................................................................................................................... 93 NaturalGas Systems............................................................................................................................... 96 Washington: Natural Gas Systems .................................................................................................. 97 Oregon: Natural Gas Systems ....................................................................................................... 99 RefinedFuel Systems .......................................................................................................................... 101 Washington: Refined Fuel Systems ................................................................................................. 103 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Oregon: Refined Fuel Systems ...................................................................................................... 105 Critical Public Safety Facilities ............................................................................................................ 107 Emergency Operation Centers ............................................................................................................ 109 Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs) .............................................................................................. 109 FireStations ....................................................................................................................................._ 110 Washington: Fire Stations ............................................................................................................. III Oregon: Fire Stations .................................................................................................................... 112 Police Stations, Supporting Infrastructure, Law Enforcement and Corrections Personnel........................ 119 Washington: Law Enforcement ..................................................................................................... 120 Oregon: Law Enforcement ............................................................................................................ 124 Hospitals .......................................................................................................................................... 128 Washington: Hospitals ................................................................................................................... 129 Oregon: Hospitals ........................................................................................................................ 133 Schools .............................................................................................................................................. 137 Washington: Schools .................................................................................................................... 139 Oregon: Schools ........................................................................................................................... 143 Water and Wastewater Treatment Facilities ........................................................................................... 147 Washington: Water and Wastewater Treatment Facilities ................................................................. 150 Oregon: Water and Wastewater Treatment Facilities ..•...................................................................• 154 HazardousMaterials Facilities ............................................................................................................ 158 Washington: Hazardous Materials Facilities ................................................................................... 159 Oregon: Hazardous Materials Facilities ......................................................................................... 162 Communications Systems .................................................................................................................. 165 Washington and Oregon: Long-Haul Fiber Optic Cables ............................................................... 167 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Washington: Communications Systems ......................................................................................... 168 Oregon: Communications Systems ................................................................................................ 171 Buildings .......................................................................................................................................... 174 Washington: Residential Buildings ........................................................ Oregon: Residential Buildings ...................................................................................................... 177 Shelters ............................................................................................................................................ 178 Appendix A: Report Contributors ...................................................................................................... 179 Appendix B: Refernece Materials ........................................................................................................ 180 4 FOREWORD A large magnitude Cascadia Subduction Zone fault earthquake and tsunami is perhaps one of the most complex disaster scenarios that we face as emergency management and public safety officials in the Pacific Northwest. Due to this complexity, life-saving and life-sustaining response operations will hinge on the effective coordination and integration of governments at all levels—cities, counties, state agencies, federal departments, the military, and tribal nations— as well as non-governmental organizations and the private sector. It is this joint-operational whole community approach that we seek to enhance and test during the Cascading Rising exercise. Our sincere appreciation to the Western Washington University Resilience Institute and the members of the exercise Scenario Sub-Working Group for developing this foundational Exercise Scenario document. We look forward to commencing the design and preparations of the Cascadia Rising exercise, as we work together to improve our joint operational readiness to serve the citizens and the region that we all cherish. Respectfully, The Washington and Oregon Whole Community Exercise Design Committee January 2015 STA i�Yt:: FEMA �+ sec`fi ieea 5 BACKGROUND Cascadia Rising is a four day Functional Exercise occurring the week of June 6, 2016. Participat- ing Emergency Operation and EXERCISE FACTS Coordination Centers (EOC/ ECCs) at all levels of government AND ASSUMPTIONS and the private sector in Wash- ington and Oregon will activate to coordinate simulated field response operations, both within their jurisdictions and also with In order to achieve the joint ob- neighboring communities, the jectives of the exercise, the follow- State EOCs, FEMA, and major ing exercise facts and assumptions military commands. should be used by both exercise planners and players in the con- The purpose of this scenario pub- duct of the exercise: lication is two-fold: (1) to provide DISCLAIMER information for exercise partic- • Real-world weather will be in ipants on the potential impacts effect during each day of the resulting from a large magnitude exercise. Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) The estimates of earthquake im- earthquake and tsunami, pre- • Emergency Operation and Co- pacts presented in this publication paring exercise players for some ordination Centers (EOC/ECCs) were produced using loss estima- of the challenges they may face are structurally sound and capable tion modeling software based on during the exercise; and, (2) to of facilitating operations (unless current scientific and engineering provide exercise planner "trusted otherwise determined by individ- knowledge. There are uncertain- agents" with information on CSZ ual communities). ties inherent in any loss estimation damages, assisting them in the technique. Therefore, there may preparation of various exercise • A sufficient number of staff will be notable differences between design products to include in a be able to reach respective EOC/ the modeled results contained in "Ground Truth" document and ECCs to initiate and sustain this publication and other earth- the "Master Scenario Events List." operations (unless otherwise quake and tsunami loss models/ determined by individual commu- studies. The information in this nities) report is not predictive; there may be significant differences between the modeled results in this publi- cation and actual losses following a real-world Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake and tsunami. 6 METHODOLOGY Data taken from several reports This Scenario Document also By using a worst case scenario and studies were compiled to draws from the FEMA Region model, it accounts for some of the develop this Cascadia Rising 10 Response Plan that developed potential compounding effects of Exercise Scenario Document. out of a multi-year, multiregion- aftershocks and landslide impacts The Analytical Baseline Study al planning process based upon that are not well-captured by the for the Cascadia Earthquake and the HITRAC baseline study. The HAZUS-MH 2.0 tool. Thus, the Tsunami, a 2011 study commis- sections here on geology, tsuna- damage estimates outlined in this sioned by FEMA Region 10 and mi generation and generalized report should be considered as conducted by the National Infra- building damage also draw di- potentially less than the 90th per- structure Simulation and Analysis rectly from CREW's description centile of the scenario event and Center Homeland Infrastructure of a Cascadia Subduction Zone all subsequent secondary events Threat and Risk Analysis Center earthquake and tsunami in their that are likely to occur following (HITRAC) within the DHS Of- 2013 updated scenario report. the modeled Cascadia Subduction fice of Infrastructure Protection, Oregon has undergone an exten- Zone earthquake. provides a primary foundation for sive resilience planning process estimating the impacts of a Casca- and their 2013 Reducing Risk and Further, the fragility curves for dia Subduction Zone earthquake. Improving Recovery for the Next tall buildings are not well under- The HITRAC study is based upon Cascadia Earthquake and Tsuna- stood for prolonged shaking (4-6 a 9.0 magnitude earthquake along mi report added further specificity minutes). Therefore, the accuracy the length of the Cascadia Sub- and accuracy to descriptions of of structural damage modeling duction Zone fault as specified by damage in that state. Several pub- may vary by building type. How- the Cascadia Region Earthquake lished reports and ongoing studies ever, despite these limitations, the Workgroup (CREW). The study on tsunami evacuation were also HAZUS-MH 2.0 model provides assumes an epicenter approxi- used to provide better estimates the most credible estimate of mately 95 miles west of Eugene, of tsunami-related injuries and aggregate losses to date.Addi- Oregon triggers a tsunami which fatalities. tional damage data from actual impacts not only the West Coast, earthquakes will improve future but the entire Pacific Basin. Loss estimation does not provide HAZUS-MH models. To understand potential losses definitive results. Rather, estima- caused by this large earthquake, tions are couched in probabilities Damage estimates in this Scenario HITRAC used FEMA's HAZUS- of infrastructure experiencing a Document are provided for the MH 2.0 Multi-hazard Loss set of specified damage states. The purposes of the Cascadia Rising Estimation Methodology tool. narrative for this Cascadia Ris- functional exercise, based upon The tool considered the effects of ing exercise relies upon the 90th modeling of a seismic event of a ground shaking, liquefaction, and percentile damage—the damage particular magnitude, location potential landslides on communi- state with only a 10 percent esti- and faulting mechanism. They ties and their built environment. mated chance of being exceeded. should not be read as a definitive 7 METHODOLOGY (CONT.) statement of likely damages from damage is likely to have only deg- of damage for each corresponding any one of many possible Cas- radation of functionality. Much damage state. In all cases, damages cadia Subduction Zone events. of this damaged infrastructure to energy, transportation, fuel, To reinforce the limits of this will be immediately usable in the communications and other infra- loss estimation, all quantities response to the Cascadia event, structure systems and networks in the Cascadia Rising Scenario though no infrastructure func- may degrade functionality of Document have been rounded tions in isolation. Infrastructure other infrastructures and physical or given in broad ranges and, for with medium damage is likely to systems independent of immedi- most types of damages, provided require substantial repairs follow- ate damage to the infrastructure for broad infrastructure sector ing the Cascadia event. Medium component in question. categories, rather than damages at damage indicates a degraded specific facilities. functionality or facilities that Injuries and fatality estimates cannot be immediately occupied from the Cascadia Rising tsunami Damages to the infrastructure sec- or utilized without at least tem- event are particularly challenging tors described herein are broken porary repairs. Infrastructure in to estimate. To date, HAZUS- into three broad categories: low, the high damage category may MH 2.0 does not include a medium, and high damage. While have some functionality, but tsunami loss estimation module; broad, these categories provide may require extensive repairs or it estimates only fatalities and a general indication of the func- even full replacement to regain injuries from earthquake shaking, tionality of the infrastructure. In pre-event functionality.Table 1 including co-occurring landslides general, infrastructure with low shows the estimated percentage and liquefaction. Furthermore, Table 1. Percentage of damage for each damage state Low Medium High < 5% 5 - 50% 51 - 100% damaged damaged damaged 8 METHODOLOGY (CONT.) the HITRAC study originally While all of these documents one or more maps displaying the estimated tsunami injuries and are useful for understanding the location of the damaged critical fatalities based upon a limited potential effects of a subduction facility, and a table displaying the number of study areas, not the earthquake, their analysis only distribution of damage states by entirety of the Washington and provides a general assessment Areas of Operation. The geogra- Oregon coasts. of how the area might fare in a phy of Washington and Oregon 9.0-magnitude earthquake. Be- creates three distinct Areas of To provide more robust estimates cause there are so many variables Operation defined as follows: of these losses, this Scenario in earthquake and tsunami events, Document relies upon evacua- the actual event will undoubted- 1) Coastal: Area between the Pa- tion studies conducted in 2013 ly be different than the scenario cific Ocean and the Coast Moun- by Wood,Jones, Spielman, and on which this analysis is based. tain Ranges. Schmidtlein. These studies quan- Furthermore, these documents tify the number of facilities and provide only an initial estimate 2) 1-5 corridor: Area between the residents in the inundation zone of impacts; they do not factor in Coast Ranges and the Cascade and estimate the number and additional impacts from successive Mountains percentage of individuals that aftershocks. will be able to walk out of the 3) East: Area east of the Cascade inundation zone before the waves The information presented in Mountains arrive. For this scenario docu- this Scenario Document presents ment, residents in the inundation a snapshot in time based on the Because shaking intensities de- zone were assumed to evacuate at analyses of data currently avail- crease rapidly east of the Cascade a slow walk, a speed that appears able. Ongoing research on the Mountains, direct damages to the accurate in other tsunami events CSZ fault system and the impacts eastern portion of the Washington and may help account for initial of seismic shaking and inundation and Oregon were not calculated. disorientation, injury and damage on communities and their built These eastern regions will, howev- to evacuation routes. environment may not be reflected er, be impacted by an event of this While the 2013 evacuation studies in this report. size. Not only will they be an im- provide estimates of fatalities, portant response resource for the they do not provide information Each critical infrastructure system heavily impacted western regions, on tsunami-related injuries.To includes a regional overview of the interconnectivity of critical provide a rough estimate of tsuna- impacts, a table describing each infrastructures such as transpor- mi-related injuries, this Scenario damage state level, and photos of tation and energy may result in Document uses the FEMA Region damage. Impacts for both Wash- degraded services even for com- 10 CSZ Response Plan estimates, ington and Oregon are included munities in the eastern portions of but increases them proportion- as subsections within each critical the two states. ally to the ratio of the evacua- infrastructure section. Each state tion study fatalities to HITRAC subsection includes a short nar- fatalities. rative describing state impacts, 9 CASCADIA REGION OVERVIEW The sections on the Cascadia region; in Washington and Oregon.'Of decision making, or the result of subduction zone; tsunami;after- these, over 6 million people reside corporate relocation (both tempo- shocks; landslides and liquefaction; in urban areas."The region is rary and permanent). and future risks are based upon a also home to some of the nation's Cascadia Region Earthquake Work- most iconic companies and largest The Pacific Northwest is one of ing group (CREW) report describ- employers including Boeing, Mi- the preeminent tourist destina- ing the Cascadia Subduction Zone crosoft, Starbucks, Amazon, Nike tions for both domestic and inter- earthquake scenario. CREW has and many others. When com- national travelers. While this is a kindly provided permission for their bined, the Seattle and Portland positive for the region's economy, reprint here, with minor modiftca- Metropolitan Areas alone repre- it complicates disaster response tion. For the full text, see their 2013 sent the sixth largest metro area by efforts, especially those which report. gross domestic product (GDP) in would be required in the after- the United States at nearly $450 math of a catastrophic event like The Cascadia Region is comprised billion dollars annually."'Vancou- a major CSZ earthquake. Wash- of the area west of the Cascade ver, British Columbia is the third ington State ranked thirteenth in Mountains stretching from largest city in Canada by nominal the U.S. for overseas visitors in Northern California, through GDP at just over $100 billion 2010 at approximately 501,000 Oregon and Washington and into dollars annually.'° with the Seattle Metropolitan British Columbia. This region, Area receiving approximately 95 known for its stunning mountain The Cascadia Region boasts a percent of this total.°'The Blaine, ranges, rich farmlands and vine- tremendously talented and ed- Washington U.S. - Canadian yards, beautiful beaches, great ucated workforce across many land-passenger gateway is the rivers, and green forests, is also sectors. Amongst U.S. cities, eighth busiest international border home to many vibrant communi- Seattle ranks first in the nation in crossing in the United States with ties, bustling international ports, educational attainment based on just shy of 7 million personal and thriving businesses. Residents the number of residents with a vehicle passengers received annu- and visitors alike enjoy the cultur- bachelor's degree or higher at 52 ally."" al offerings of Cascadia's cities and percent. Portland is not far behind the diversity of outdoor activities at eighth and 40 percent respec- in its natural areas. But the geo- tively.°Some experts and histor- logic forces that shaped the Pacific ical events suggest that a lengthy Northwest are still active: Casca- post-earthquake recovery period dia is a region of earthquakes. could result in a sharp reduction in the region's skilled workforce as More than 8 million people live residents relocate to other states and work within the projected and provinces. This phenomenon CSZ earthquake damage zone may be the result of individual 10 CASCADIA SUBDUCTION ZONE Lying mostly offshore, the CSZ The last Cascadia Subduction of Chile in 1960). Their charac- plate interface is a giant fault— Zone event in 1700 offers no writ- teristics include prolonged ground approximately 700 miles long ten eye-witness accounts, although shaking, large tsunamis, and (1,130 km). Here, the set of tec- a few Native American and First numerous aftershocks. Because tonic plates to the west is sliding Nations oral stories do relate some the magnitude scale is logarith- (subducting) beneath the North of the effects. Instead, scientists mic, each increase of one unit American Plate. The movement found the record of Cascadia's past signifies that the waves radiated by of these plates is neither constant activity in the landscape itself, the earthquake are 10-times larger nor smooth: the plates are stuck, which was altered suddenly and in and 32-times more energetic. This and the stress will build up until characteristic ways by these great means that a M9.0 quake releases the fault suddenly breaks. This last earthquakes and the tsunamis 1,995 times more energy than a happened in January 1700. The they triggered. Once scientists M6.8. The Great Indonesia earth- result was an earthquake on the discovered what to look for, they quake and tsunami of 2004 that order of magnitude 9.0, followed found evidence up and down killed 250,000 persons, and the within minutes by a large tsuna- the coastline, on land and on the East Japan earthquake and tsuna- mi—much like the earthquake seafloor, from British Columbia to mi of 2011 that killed 16,000 are and tsunami that struck Japan California. recent examples of great subduc- on March 11, 2011. Stresses tion zone earthquakes. have now been building along The world's largest quakes occur the Cascadia subduction zone along subduction zones. Dubbed for more than 300 years, and the great earthquakes, the magnitude communities of Cascadia can be of these events ranges from 8.0 to certain that another great quake 9.0+ (the largest on record was a will again shake the region. magnitude 9.5 quake off the coast 11 ANATOMY OF A CASCADIA ZONE EARTHQUAKE The Cascadia Subduction Zone down), the plates have become ing plates slip under and north- stretches from Cape Mendocino stuck. Below this locked zone, eastwards. With this movement, in northern California to Brooks warmer temperatures make the the deformed western edge of Peninsula on Vancouver Island plates more pliable, allowing them the North American Plate will in British Columbia, a distance to move more readily past each flex, causing the land along large of about 700 miles (1,130 km). other. This freer movement deeper sections of Cascadia's coastline to All along this zone, which begins down causes strain to accumulate drop as much as 6.6 feet (2 m) beneath the seafloor to the west along the locked zone. Once that in elevation—an effect known as and extends inland towards the strain is great enough to overcome co-seismic subsidence. Figure 1 Cascade and Coastal mountains, the friction that keeps the plates illustrates a subduction zone rup- the subducting plates are forced locked, the fault will rupture: the ture and the ground deformations beneath the North American edge of the North American Plate it creates. Plate. At a relatively shallow depth will lurch suddenly upwards and (less than about 20 miles/30 km southwestwards as the subduct- Stuck area ruptures, releasing energy ` s! in an earthquake __- Figure 1. Dynamics of the subduction zone: The subducting tectonic plate (solid gray)currently stuck against the over-riding North American Plate (brown) along the locked zone (marked in red). This has caused the edge of the North American plate to warp and elevate the land. When the pressure finally causes the fault to rupture, the North American Plate will flex and drop, producing a major earthquake and tsunami. The dotted lines in the left image mark the level of the land when not warped by accumulated strain; on the right, the dotted lines mark the elevation of the distorted plate just before the fault ruptured. Source: Cascadia Region Earthquake Working group (CREW), Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes:A Magnitude 9.0 Earthquake Scenario (2013). 12 SHAKING INTENSITY Although it is possible that the fault ruptures. For the people and were not nearest the rupture, but Cascadia subduction zone will structures experiencing the earth- in areas where the soft soils of rupture section by section in a quake, the intensity of the shaking river valleys and artificial fill am- series of large earthquakes (each is what really matters. In general, plified seismic waves, such as on measuring magnitude 8.0 to 8.5) the intensity and destructiveness Harbor Island in Seattle. over a period of years, the earth- of the shaking will be greater the quake that many scientists and closer one is to the plate interface, Shaking intensity is most often emergency planners anticipate is with coastal areas experiencing the described using an intensity scale modeled on the zone's last ma- highest intensities and the level of such as the Modified Mercalli jor quake. The entire fault zone shaking diminishing the farther Intensity (MMI) scale.Table 2 ruptures from end to end, causing inland one goes, as illustrated in provides general descriptions of one great earthquake measuring Figure 2. the observed effects of ground magnitude 9.0. The shaking that shaking for each MMI level. results from this abrupt shifting How much the ground shakes, of the earth crust will be felt or the shaking intensity, depends throughout the Pacific North- on one's location. Proximity is a west—and the ground is expected major factor (the closer you are to go on shaking for four to six to the rupture, the more intense minutes. the shaking tends to be), but the shape and consistency of the Magnitude is a measure of an ground makes a big difference. In earthquake's size: it tells how the 2001 Nisqually earthquake, much energy is released when a the greatest shaking intensities 13 174 U D-N 122 0". 'X1;I]'K' i lb'n'w Vancouver l i Island ELLrNGHAM l.A, CORTES PORT ANGF.ES ". j F20 EVERETT SEATTLE BELLEVUE 2, ashington AKIMA\ r LONG BEACH --- ` YYYtN 40 L ` 14"sNR1Jr rye,_ r SFAvTf 'f• -„dam �- �„ _ 1. 12 �ANCOUVER PORTLAND ' i 1 UNCOL'. M tiewmRT 2e - Epkenter EUGENE'-- � BEND • ► Oregon ; BA �zo f `AEDFORD 01 97 \. a,. r -. Legend N County iH GhWWM Modified Mercagi Intensity(MMI - Boundaries Native American -- Highway III or less:Weak V:Moderate VII:Very Strong ��ESTER'S Reservation NWR Interstate Shaking Shaking Shaking r IV:Light VI:Strong VIII or more: 0 20 40 60 00 100 Ms Shaking Shaking Severe Shaking o 4 120 40 2i0 KM Figure 2. Expected ground shaking intensities from a M9.0 Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake 14 THE MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE Intensity Shaking Description/Damage Not I Felt Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions. I' Weak Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of I I' Weak buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated. Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some Light awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably. UV Moderate Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop. V D Strong Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight. V 0� Very Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to V moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly Strong built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in Vill Severe ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame U( Violent structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. X Extreme Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent. Table 2. The Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale describes the observed effects of ground shaking at each corresponding shaking intensity level, designated by Roman Numerals. 15 THE TSUNAMI Earthquakes cause damage by much as an hour to finish flowing during high tide, the tsunami strong ground shaking and by in. The height of the wave and will travel farther inland than it the secondary effects of ground how far inland it travels vary would at low tide. failures and tsunamis. When with location: In places along the Cascadia Subduction Zone Cascadia's coast, the tsunami Because the Cascadia ruptures, it will cause part of the may be as high as 30 to 40 feet Subduction Zone is close to seafloor to move abruptly upward. (9 to 12 m). Much depends on shore, the first wave will reach This displaces the column of water the local topography—the lay land soon after the earthquake— above the rupture. The result is a of the land—both underwater within 20 to 30 minutes in tsunami—a series of waves that and along the shore. In general, some areas. Coastal residents travel outward in all directions the inundation will be greater can then expect to witness from the place where the uplift where the land is low or where multiple waves over a period occurred. Unlike wind-generated the topography focuses the waves, of hours. In addition, because waves that travel along the surface, such as at bays and river mouths. parts of the coastline will have tsunami waves move through the Other key factors are subsidence dropped (subsided) during the entire body of water from seafloor and tides: when the fault ruptures, earthquake, some areas may to surface.Tsunami waves have the land in many coastal areas remain flooded, or may continue extremely long wavelengths and will drop in elevation, increasing to flood during high tide, even contain a much greater volume the run-up of the subsequent after the tsunami retreats. of water than surface waves. This tsunami; and if the quake occurs means that they look and act less like an ordinary wave and more like a vast, moving plateau of water. A tsunami can travel across the .. deep ocean at nearly 500 miles (800 km) per hour. In deep water, the amplitude or height of the tsunami is low relative to its ` length, so the slope of the waves is very low, and they may pass ,.? 4'$ 'A unnoticed under ships. Upon - ---- -- .. entering shallower water, however, v� `` y "��� „ they slow down and gain in height as water piles up behind the wave front. Once it hits shore, a Figure 3. Following the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, multiple tsunami single tsunami wave can take as waves inundated Natori city, over a period of hours. Source: Reuters. 16 AFTERSHOCKS The Cascadia earthquake is likely by a magnitude 7.5 foreshock and frequency of aftershocks will to be followed by aftershocks, followed by multiple aftershocks, diminish over time, a few may which will occur throughout the the largest of which measured cause additional damage long region and vary in size.After a magnitude 7.9. Some of these after the initial quake. This main shock as large as magnitude aftershocks occurred on the west occurred in New Zealand, where 9.0, a few aftershocks are likely to side of Honshu, demonstrating the magnitude 7.0 Darfield exceed magnitude 7.0. During the that such quakes may be triggered earthquake in September of 2010 first month after the magnitude some distance from the main was followed by a magnitude 6.1 8.8 Maule earthquake in 2010, shock. aftershock over five months later, Chile experienced 19 aftershocks which caused far more damage to larger than magnitude 6.0 (the Aftershocks that follow hard on the city of Christchurch than the largest was magnitude 6.9). the heels of the main shock can main shock. Japan's magnitude 9.0 Tohoku bring down already weakened earthquake in 2011 was preceded buildings.While the size and -- Figure 4. Chile's M8.8 Maule earthquake in 2010 occurred on a subduction zone similar to di Cascadia. On this map, green dots 19= � • • mark aftershocks that followed the S •C' R;ol� Maule quake; red dots mark past earthquakes greater than M7.0 �� 60 « '•0. (1900 to 2002). Earthquakes larger * than M7.0 are rarer in Cascadia corm°ha than in Chile, but a great quake . R on the Cascadia subduction zone �r IIA, is expected to trigger multiple aftershocks—including some far 3d' a from the faulted area of the main MutoricalRuputtes CHILE ARGENTItJA shock. On the map, a solid white 1De�thsttisumn"I.M3].61 line encircles the section of the n e"'♦ "' sr '`"Rwrcnrolo Cancep on•!: ♦ plate interface that broke in the �A M.9.k27Feb2010 Maule quake; white cross-hatching marks past ruptures. Photo: USGS { xwo'ft 00 AL wouy6 B Mst2010 4iIIA EW#qU*ft 19M-2009 `� u M 6.6.6.9 •r *ai . a. . U M 8.0.ea ►�•�y�i n M 7 0-7 9 ��, i M•a 8 0 p?ett EarwKpA*e Depm 0.69 ,1 70.7'+9 3M-700 �"'1 Rt.pnre aQl A&*v&w MSS A' /n' _ ..r .. 17 LANDSLIDES AND LIQUEFACTION Local geologic conditions, includ- while buried pipes and tanks slides can cause damage to critical ing soil type, can increase or de- become buoyant and float to the infrastructure, residential and crease the intensity of the shaking surface. Liquefaction-prone soils commercial structures. They can and produce a range of secondary are common in river valleys, along also isolate communities when effects, including landslides, lique- waterfronts, and in places covered landslides and rockfalls cross faction, and lateral spreads. with artificial fill. Unfortunately, roadways or knock out power or these sites are often prime loca- communications lines. Shaking Liquefaction is one of the most tions for important structures, from earthquakes and aftershocks damaging effects of ground including bridges, ports, airports, often trigger many landslides and shaking. Certain soils, such as and industrial facilities. Many of rocksfalls. The risk of landslides water-saturated silt and sand, the region's most densely popu- and liquefaction can increase can become dangerously unsta- lated areas -- such as along the when heavy rainfall causes soil to ble during an earthquake. The I-5 corridor between Eugene and become waterlogged and saturat- shaking increases water pressure, Portland in Oregon and between ed. forcing the water to move in Olympia and Everett in Washing- between the individual grains of ton -- are likely to experience the Figure 5-7 show some of the soil; as the grains lose contact with damaging effects of liquefaction. damage of the impacts landslides each other, the soil begins to act and liquefaction can have on com- like a liquid. Overlying layers of Areas on the steep slopes of munities. Figure 8 indicates areas sediment can slump and spread mountain ranges in Washington susceptible to landslides triggered laterally. Structures built on such and Oregon are susceptible to by seismic activity. soils may shift position or sink, landslides and rock falls. Land- i Figure 5. Earthquakes can trigger Figure 6. The 2011 Canterbury Figure 7. Damage due to preexisting landslides. This could earthquake in New Zealand caused liquefaction and lateral spreading happen immediately or days to the loose sand and silt supporting at the Port of Coronel in Chile after weeks later. The 2001 Nisqually the paved surfaces to liquefy and the M8.8 Maule earthquake. Port earthquake triggered a landslide loose its ability to support this facilities are particularly vulnerable three days after the earthquake. automobile. Liquefaction often to damage from lateral spreading. The same hillside slid after results in uneven patterns of Photo: Geotechnical Extreme the 1949 South Puget Sound ground settlement. Photo: Martin Events Reconnaissance (GEER). earthquake. Photo: Dave Sherrod, Luff. USGS. 18 Vancouver Island NGHAM AN S PORT ` yet Oil* I ANGELES -'ER :LL j LLEVUE4 2 i ; f7 ! I � ►�'�:" T E� to yy 412 ti r- 1 ' ! _ • AKIMA 12BEACH 12 VANCOUV 4 _ ALLANI�(•M• PORTLAN a T i f7"', 20 1 r' UGENE END Oregon coo V I i MEDFORtS`'•, "q 4 Legend N -, County Highways Ca-seismic Landslide Risk Boundaries �1rES7 ERt� Native American - — Highway Low 0 High Reservation .. Interstate Medium 0 20 40 60 e0 100 M7 0 s0 120 180 M Km • Figure 8. Washington and Oregon areas susceptible to co-seismic land sliding 19 FUTURE RISK The evidence for past subduction tal consequence of plate tectonics. zone earthquakes of magnitude Whether this type of earthquake 9.0 suggests that they recur, on is considered alone or in combina- average, every 500 years, but the tion with other earthquake sourc- actual intervals between events are es, the odds that a large, damaging far from predictable—such earth- earthquake will occur in the near quakes have been separated by as future in the Cascadia region are many as 1,000 years and as few very high. The more steps our as 200. The estimates of the sizes communities take now to prepare, of pre-1700 earthquakes are also the more resilient we will be. uncertain. Cascadia has now been building up strain for over 300 years, so the next great earthquake CONTINUING RESEARCH : could happen at any time. EARTHQUAKE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS Should the earthquake and tsunami happen tomorrow, it By detecting the smaller seismic waves that precede the earthquake's could affect millions of people's destructive waves, an early warning system might provide a few sec- lives, property, infrastructure, onds to a few minutes of warning to cities (such as Portland, Seattle, and environment. The number and Vancouver) that are some distance from the Cascadia subduction of deaths could exceed 10,000, zone. This would give people time to drop, cover, and hold, and it and more than 30,000 people could be enough time to shut off gas mains, open fire station doors, could be injured. The economic slow freeway traffic, and clear cars away from potentially dangerous impacts could also be significant. structures (such as bridges and viaducts). The University of Washing- For Washington and Oregon, ton, Caltech, and the University of California, Berkeley, with support the direct economic losses have from the U.S. Geological Survey and the Gordon and Betty Moore been estimated at upward of$81 Foundation, have begun development of an earthquake early warn- billion. These social and economic ing system. Japan has already implemented such a system and used impacts could distress the region it to provide some warning of the Tohoku earthquake on March 11, for years to come. 2011. While Japan's experience suggests that early warning systems While the timing cannot are promising, much still needs to be done to test the usefulness and forecast very precisely, greaatt appropriateness of such a system for the western coast of the United States. subduction zone earthquakes are inevitable—they are a fundamen- British Columbia is likewise in the process of developing an earth- quake early warning system through the cooperation of the Ministry of Transportation, Natural Resources Canada, the University of British Columbia, and Ocean Networks Canada. The project will use offshore sensors in the northern Cascadia Subduction Zone and land-based instruments throughout the province to deliver earthquake warnings. 20 THE M9 PROJECT The ground motions and tsunami caused by a magnitude 9 earthquake will depend on many factors. Conse- quently, it is difficult to predict the resulting landslides, liquefaction, and building response. At the University of Washington, a team of researchers involved in the NSF-funded "M9 Project," are currently working to probabi- listically forecast the shaking and earthquake-related effects that cities across the Cascadia region will experi- ence in the wake of a magnitude 9 event. Several factors will affect the pattern of shaking caused by a magnitude 9 earthquake. The distribution of asper- ities (i.e., pockets of concentrated strain energy on the fault), the direction that the rupture propagates, and the geology of the Puget Sound basins all influence where the shaking will be strongest. In order to better quantify the potential shaking across the Pacific Northwest, the M9 Project is generating a suite of state-of-the-art 3-D simulations of fault rupture and their resulting ground motions that take into account these variabilities. In addi- tion to stronger shaking, a large magnitude 9 earthquake will also generate more long-period energy and have a longer duration of shaking than smaller earthquakes. The effects of this long-period energy and longer dura- tion of shaking on liquefaction, seismically-induced landslides, and building response is still poorly understood and a target for ongoing M9 Project research. Similarly, destructive tsunami impacts on the coastal built environment, and the number of fatalities and injuries inflicted, will be strongly dependent on the details of the earthquake ground motion. In particular, tsunamis are generated from the vertical seafloor deformation that occurs during an earthquake, so the severity of tsunami impacts on a given coastal community are critically dependent on its location relative to the magnitude and precisely how the fault slips over the thousands of square kilometers that rupture during the earthquake. In general, a patch of fault surface that slips will spawn a tsunami that will strike the community sooner and with more destructive waves than a patch with relatively little slippage. Therefore, during the same M9 event, individ- ual Washington and Oregon coastal communities could experience different tsunami wave heights up to 30+ feet and arrival times from about 10 to 30 minutes. But adequately detailed predictions of the variability in fault slip for tsunami hazard assessments are not known. For this reason, the M9 project is developing and testing probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment methods, in which the best available science is used to weigh the prob- ability of a large number of distributions that are deemed credible, and the associated tsunami simulations are combined to produce probabilistic tsunami hazard products, including forces on structures. In addition, the M9 project conducts research into the physics of tsunami generation by landslides and the probabilistic characteri- zation of this process. In the long-term, M9 Project researchers aim to integrate probabilistic hazard scenarios for earthquake shaking, tsunami generation, liquefaction, seismically induced landslides, and building response into the preparation and response plans for earthquake-related hazards in the Pacific Northwest. Further information on The M9 Project can be found at http://m9.ess.washington.edu/public/M9 Home.html. 21 TSUNAMI IMPACTS The tsunami inundation zone extends 450 miles coast, the movement of people fleeing the coastline along the coast of Washington and Oregon. The will likely result in gridlock. Thus, most survivors majority of the coastline is sparsely populated. will be forced to walk or run to higher ground. Nonetheless, the tsunami wave will likely cause However, downed power lines, damaged streets and devastating damage and loss of life. Anyone in the buildings, and other damage may slow evacuation. tsunami zone when the first wave hits will likely be Moreover, people who suffer injuries from the earth- quickly killed or seriously injured; buildings, roads, quake may be unable to move fast enough to reach bridges, and utility infrastructure in the tsunami safety. inundation zone will likely be severely damaged or completely destroyed, as illustrated in Figure 9. Over 86,000 residents live in the tsunami inun- dation zone that is likely to result from an M9.0 As tsunami waves travel across the deep ocean, Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake. Assuming tsunami monitoring equipment may detect the these 86,000 residents are present at the time of the wave. However, warning messages may not reach initial earthquake and evacuate the inundation zone many coastal communities before the first waves at a slow walk, over 20,000 residents will likely be make landfall. With only tens of minutes before the unable to make it to high ground. When the wave tsunami reaches the coastline in some areas, the only hits, as many as 15,000 of these residents could warning these communities receive may come from potentially be swept out to sea or crushed in debris the earthquake itself entrenched in the tsunami water. The remaining survivors may suffer from crushing, puncture, abra- Some survivors may try to evacuate by car but will sion, exposure, and other injuries. During certain likely be stopped by impassable roads or bridges. times, thousands of additional tourists, workers, With limited passable driving routes away from the and commuters may also be in the inundation zone and at risk; at these times, loss of life may be much higher. Even after the first wave recedes, the danger will not be over.Tsunami waves will continue to surge in and out of inundation zones for up to 24 hours after the earthquake. In the coming days, there will likely be numerous large aftershocks, some of which may have the potential to generate additional tsunami waves. Survivors in many coastal communities may be stranded for weeks due to damaged ground trans- portation networks. Air and sea transportation Figure 9. The tsunami resulting from the 2011 Tohoku may be the only viable way to access many coastal earthquake destroyed the low-lying areas of tsuchi, Japan. Photo: Dylan McCord, U.S. Navy. communities. 22 WASHINGTON : TSUNAMI IMPACTS The tsunami inundation zone in Washington is the cities of Aberdeen, Ocean Shores, Westport, located on the coast of the Pacific Ocean and along Long Beach, Hoquiam, Cosmopolis, and Shoalwa- the coasts of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Some inun- ter Bay Indian Reservation. dation is also expected on the coasts of counties in the upper Puget Sound, as illustrated in Figure 12. The city of Aberdeen has a high number of residents and infrastructure in the tsunami zone. However, Over 50,000 Washingtonians reside in the tsunami due to its close proximity to higher ground, most inundation zone. After the initial ground shaking, people will likely make it to safety before the wave survivors may have 30 to 60 minutes before the hits. While the tsunami will destroy a significant first wave makes landfall. At a slow walk, as many number of buildings and facilities in Aberdeen, as 14,000 of the 50,000 residents may be unable to some facilities outside of the inundation zone will reach higher ground before the first wave hits. Most likely be available to set up triage and temporary of the people who are still in the tsunami zone when shelters. the first wave arrives may be swept out to sea or crushed by debris entrenched in the tsunami water. Ocean Shores, Long Beach,Westport, Hoquiam, During certain times, as many as 25,000 workers, and Shoalwater Bay Indian Reservation are also 17,000 tourists, and thousands of commuters may located in the tsunami zone. However, nearly all of also be in the inundation zone, increasing the po- these towns' infrastructure and residential homes tential for loss of life substantially. may be completely inundated by the tsunami. With everything in these towns potentially destroyed, the As illustrated in Figures 10 and 11, many towns in remaining survivors may need to be evacuated from Pacific and Grays Harbor Counties are located in these tsunami-inundated areas. the tsunami zone. The tsunami will likely devastate 23 t?t'G DIV 01 MONTESANO OCEAN SHORES ____AB ERDEEN of i,r,"r t s llurhor 'I A N B 01? C t>. WESTPORT o� ONO ` a m , PA t: I F I l' t:i?. II'i ll:i p.-I �I U,I Y of i LONG -- BEACH I,R. T County Paundares a =,3 Tsunami Inundation 0�" City Limits Area of Operation Highways Zone WA 11'r"rl tt\ Native Amencai ��r ' �1 Rese,vahon Coastal Nghway j Prcdected Lams x4po Interstate tNationalana State) East Figure 10. Tsunami inundation zone along the coast of Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay, Washington 24 �20 '�� t'1Yh101't�1 RriarvMwn ' PORT fX. —� ANGELES 01 ti 01240 31 Lt n0,3 Olympic National Pare gu.wa Rw�w.awn 10, LA %nAl OUAN :,��On_S �BERDEEN T- 1 1 I'AC1�ra,���.� 1.! ti4' IS C0 ( (i• 5 LONG' 9EAC o, r� 1 LI I's Legend 0 County Boundaries 0 __ 512 BD Kri Tsunami Inundation City Limits Area of Operation Highways Zone WA WFSTFRN Nat"American Coastal Reservation Protected Lands 1•5 e4pw Interstate (National and State) East F J~ Figure 11. Tsunami inundation zone along the Pacific Coast of Washington 25 R BELLINGHAI.1 ,1 a .. Z ANACORTES —PORT �J � ANGELES l\ • VERETT i r y Olympic National P Part Legend C County Boundaries <�, Tsunami Inundation City Limits Area of Operation Highways Zone WA r' Natnle American Cuastal ttttway G Reservation 1 6 MI In Protected Lands 5 �w interstate ,'" (National and State) East Figure 12. Tsunami inundation zone along the coast of the Puget Sound area of Washington 26 OREGON : TSUNAMI IMPACTS Over 30,000 Oregonians live in the tsunami in- workers and thousands of commuters may also be in undation zone that is likely to result from a M9.0 this inundation zone, potentially increasing the loss Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake. After the of life substantially. initial ground shaking, survivors may only have tens of minutes before the first wave makes landfall. As illustrated in Figures 13 and 14, many coastal Assuming the 30,000 residents are present at the towns and cities are located in the tsunami inunda- time of the initial earthquake and begin evacuating tion zone. Nearly all of the city of Seaside's infra- the tsunami zone at a slow walk, as many as 6,000 structure and buildings will likely be completely residents may be unable reach higher ground before inundated by the tsunami. First responders will the first wave hits. Most people who are still in the likely have no working facilities to set up triage or inundation zone may be swept out to sea or crushed temporary shelter. The remaining survivors will by debris entrenched in the tsunami water. During likely need to be evacuated. certain times, as many as 50,000 tourists, 15,000 27 124 E''J^N l I I { SEAS DE t UMBIA 01 i ANGOUL PORTLAND rnLAMOOct, 4` W A S III tit;°I i?by-- �((s tot YA NI IN 1.1. C L NCOLN C1rY N-1A i S LEMPOLK r Ot �Id ` ��t 1 N 1� -20 I.1 N N t.t - r,0.,.,. +� IN 14 � i 64-fc"V 11 \1 � Ot Legend C 20 iC � N CountyBoundaves C 20 rD ooKr, Tsunami Inundation City L,(-its Area of Operation Highways Zone OR ` 111�l 1 Its Native American Coastal Reservation c jwi Protected Lands l ` =W- ntersiate (National and State) East ------------- Figure 13. Tsunami inundation zone along the northern Oregon coast 28 124 0"NV t.. EI�GENE� FLORE 01 I�ar' tld ( i 01 - Y r t#wrMir C t 01 01 t .1 t 3 1:I''s,l-IIN I': y MEDF J County Boundanes 0 20 so 6oKm Tsunami Inundation City Limits Area of Oaeradon Hiahways Lone ORNatpie Amen 115. r1 It Reservation can Coastal tlphwaY CD Protected Lands 1_5 now Interstate (National and State) East — — — — — !— Figure 14. Tsunami inundation zone along the southern Oregon coast 29 POPULATION IMPACTS The Cascadia earthquake could be one of the most monuments, overturn heavy furniture, knock down devastating disasters, not only in Washington and walls, and collapse or break chimneys, sending large Oregon, but in the history of the United States. As chunks of brick on to roofs. Even well-built struc- the day of the earthquake arrives, no one suspects tures may partially collapse after several minutes of that they are about to witness an event that will this level of intense shaking. change their lives forever. The shaking decreases in intensity going eastward If the earthquake occurs during the day, few people from the coast. The Interstate 5 corridor may experi- will even notice when the shaking begins. For many ence shaking intensities of MMI VII (Very Strong), people it may feel as if a large semi-truck is passing with considerable damage incurred in poorly-built by; people in cars or near busy roads may not notice or designed structures and in areas with poorer soils. the initial tremors. As the shaking becomes more prominent, its jitteriness may catch the attention People living in the eastern half of Oregon and of people not in a car. However, many people may Washington may experience little shaking, simply forget their elementary training of drop, cover, and feeling as if the ground is vibrating. Parked cars may hold, especially people caught outdoors. Instead, rock and hanging objects may sway slightly. Win- some people may attempt to run to safety, but dows, dishes, and doors may rattle, and buildings only make it a few steps before falling. Others may with wooden walls and frames may creak during the simply stand in place, trying to retain balance and event. keep from being thrown to the ground. A minute into the earthquake, intense shaking may toss peo- As the shaking subsides, people may display an array ple about. Bookshelves, desks, and other pieces of of emotions and reactions. Widespread power out- heavy furniture may begin to move back and forth, ages may make daytime visibility inside large build- causing anything that is not anchored to fall. People ings difficult. If the event strikes at night, fallen in office buildings may notice nearby skyscrapers objects littering the floor may cause people to trip swaying from side to side. Only a small percentage and injure themselves as they try to escape in the of people may have gotten under tables, chairs, or dark. In some homes and buildings, heavy pieces anything else that they think will protect them from of furniture, such as entertainment centers or filing falling ceiling tiles, utility equipment or furniture. cabinets, may tip over, blocking exits or trapping Two minutes into the earthquake, people that were people under them. caught outside may notice the ground moving like an ocean wave and everyone inside may feel as if After the shaking, people may begin milling around, they were on a ship rolling out at sea. uncertain how to respond to the event. Some may gather up belongings and search around in the fallen Coastal areas will likely experience the most se- debris, trying to make sense of what has happened. vere and intense shaking, with shaking intensities Many people with access to a phone may try to call of Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale levels or text their loved ones to figure out what has hap- of VII (Severe) extending as far inland as 10 to pened and verify their safety. A sense of dread may 60 miles, depending on the location. The shaking overcome individuals that are unable to get in touch may be strong enough to knock over columns and with their family and friends. 30 POPULATION IMPACTS (CONT. ) Outside, commuters may get out of their cars and aware of the tsunami threat. They may congregate in try to figure out what just took place. As they realize hotel lobbies and in the streets near vacation houses, that traffic is not moving, and that they may be seeking direction. In areas where high ground is dis- stuck there for hours, drivers may abandon their tant, people may become stuck in traffic jams that cars on roads and bridges, causing backups along slow or even halt evacuation by vehicle. In some transportation routes. areas, people may attempt to evacuate vertically, climbing to upper stories of multi-story buildings. On the coast, the threat of a tsunami has taught As the tsunami reaches land, those on the ground in many residents to seek out information about the the inundation zone may try to outrun the tsunami; tsunami warning protocols for their area. Longtime very few of them may make it. As the wave knocks local residents may be more efficient in their evacu- them off their feet they may cling to the roofs of ation process, having prior knowledge of the threat buildings or floating debris, but these actions will of a tsunami following an earthquake. Visitors and save very few. Hypothermia or exhaustion may tourists to the region's beautiful coastal towns may claim many of them. largely be unsure of what to do, if they are even 31 INJURIES Following the earthquake and tsunami, thousands survivors may arrive at the hospital only to find out of injured survivors may be in need of medical care. that it has been damaged beyond use. Others may They may seek medical treatment for cuts, bruises, never make it to the hospital because of impassable and broken bones. Others may suffer from trauma roads. Thousands of critically injured people may injuries that require acute medical care. The earth- need to be evacuated by air or sea if they are to be quake may injure over 20,000 people across the re- saved. gion. Minutes later, the tsunami may injure several thousand more in the coastal region. More injuries The number of injured will be affected by the time may result from aftershocks, fires, HAZMAT releas- of the earthquake. Injuries will likely be highest if es, and contaminated water supplies. the shaking occurs during the day- a time when more people are outside or at work and exposed to In the aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami, falling debris, or commuting and exposed to traffic thousands of injured survivors may be scattered accidents and damaged roadways. If the event were across hundreds of miles of tsunami inundated to occur at night, minor and moderate injuries of coastland. Medical facilities in the region may severity level I or 2 may be a half or less than injury experience a surge of as many as 30,000 injured estimates during a daytime event.Table 3 describes survivors seeking medical treatment. Some injured the injuires expected for each injury severity level. Table 3. Description of the severity of earthquake-related injuries. Injury Severity Level Severity 1 Severity 2 Severity 3 Injury Injuries requiring basic Non-life threathen- Injuries that pose an Description medical aid that could ing Injuries requiring immediate life threat- be administered by greater medical care ening condition if not paraprofessionals. and technology, such as treated adequately and These types of injuries x-rays or surgery. These expeditiously, such as would require bandag- types of injuries could uncontrolled bleeding, es or observation, such include large burns, punctured organs, spi- as sprains, cuts, and broken bones, and/or nal column injuries, or minor burns. loss of consciousness. crush syndrome. 32 INJURIES ( CONT. ) The number of severity level 3 injuries—injuries that are immediately life-threatening if not treated a —are most affected by earthquake timing. Severity level 3 injuries will be highest during the day. If the event were to occur during the night, these injuries may be only a quarter or less of the daytime esti- mates. f If the earthquake were to occur during commuting hours, these severe injury numbers may rise further. During these commuting hours, more people may be leaving or entering buildings, on the streets of Figure 16. Rescue workers pull an injured woman from high-density downtown business areas, or in retail a collapsed building following the 2011 Christchurch, stores full of unsecured products on high shelves. New Zealand earthquake. Photo: Reuters. These individuals may be exposed to falling debris and shattering glass. The many commuters on the road may be more exposed to vehicular injuries, ac- cidents, and damaged roadways. If an event were to happen during these commuting hours, the number of severe injuries could be 20 fold greater, or more, than the number likely to result from a nighttime event. 33 FATALITIES Not all will survive the event. Across the coastal and I-5 corridor regions, the earthquake shaking may claim the lives of over 1,100 residents and visitors. The tsunami that closely follows may claim as many as 13,500 lives on the coast. The scale of fatalities across the coast may overwhelm the resources of ` local governments. Hospitals and morgues on the coast may also need to manage numerous human . - remains.Temporary morgues may have to contend with power outages and fuel shortages. With emergency responders unable to reach many Figure 16. Morgue overcrowding following the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, led workers to areas, survivors may attempt to manage the remains create makeshift morgues like this one in gymnasiums of community members themselves. The disruptions and other available facilities. Photo: Damir Sagolj, in communications systems may limit the reach Reuters. of public messaging and training regarding public health and the safe disposal of deceased humans, farm animals, and pets. The number of fatalities will also be highly depen- dent on the time of the event. Fatalities, like inju- ries, may be lowest during a night time event. They are likely to increase threefold during a daytime event in rural areas and fivefold or more in urban areas, regardless of whether the event occurs during the workday or during a commuting hours. 34 WASHINGTON : INJURIES AND FATALITIES With the adoption of increasingly robust building as many as 5,000 casualties in Ocean Shores alone. codes with seismic design provisions over the last The city of Long Beach in Pacific County may also several decades, much of the newer building stock have a high number of tsunami casualties. It is likely in Washington has been designed for life safety even that most residents in these communities will not in strong shaking. As shown in Table 4, the highest reach high ground before the tsunami wave hits. number of earthquake-related injuries and deaths are likely in the urban areas of Seattle, which has Nearly all of the infrastructure and residential many older structures that were not built to these housing in Ocean Shores, Long Beach, Westport, codes and where people are more exposed to col- Hoquiam, and Shoalwater Bay Indian Reservation lapsing buildings, falling glass, and other objects will likely be destroyed by the tsunami. After the that may cause injury or death. water recedes, there may be no remaining build- ings to set up triage or temporary shelters. The few The highest number of tsunami-related injuries and remaining survivors in these towns will likely need deaths will likely be in Grays Harbor County, with to be evacuated. Table 4. Estimated injuries and deaths in Washington resulting from the CSZ earthquake and tsunami Injuries Fatalities Area of Operation Earthquake Tsunami Total Earthquake Tsunami Total Coastal 2,000 3,000 5,000 100 9,000 9,100 1-5 corridor 7,000 0-400* 7,000 300 0-1,300* 300 Washington total 9,000 3,000 12,000 400 9,000 9,400 *Tsunami deaths and injuries in the 1-5 corridor represent exposed populations in the upper Puget Sound region,such as coastal communities in San Juan, island, Skagit and Whatcom counties. However,studies are conflicting as to the fatalities and injuries in these inundation zones. These numbers are not included in state totals. Source: FEMA CSZ Response Plan (2013)and Wood-see Methodology section for more detail 35 OREGON : INJURIES AND FATALITIES With the adoption of increasingly robust building withstand intense shaking and where people are codes with seismic design provisions over the last more exposed to collapsing buildings, falling glass, several decades, much of the newer building stock and other objects that may cause injury or death. in Oregon has been designed for life safety even in strong shaking. As shown in Table 5, the highest The highest number of tsunami-related injuries and number of earthquake-related injuries and deaths deaths are likely in Clatsop County, with over 4,000 are likely in the Portland metropolitan area, which casualties in the city of Seaside alone. has many older structures that were not built to Table 5. Estimated injuries and deaths in Oregon resulting from the CSZ earthquake and tsunami Injuries Fatalities Area of Operation Earthquake Tsunami Total Earthquake Tsunami Total Coastal 5,000 1,500 5,500 300 4,500 4,800 1-5 corridor 9,000 0 9,000 400 0 400 Oregon total 14,000 1,500 15,500 700 4,500 5,200 Source:FEMA CSZ Response Plan (2013)and Wood-see Methodology section for more detail 36 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS The severe shaking and tsunami inundation may fable soils along old landslides that may be set in cause significant damage to the region's ground, motion by the earthquake. air, and marine transportation systems. The dam- age may be widespread—affecting approximately The road and highway network is one of the most 16,000 miles of highway, 7,000 highway bridges, critical infrastructure systems. If roads are damaged 6,000 miles of rail, 100 rail bridges, 100 airports, and impassable, inspecting and repairing other and 700 port facilities. Most of the Pacific North- infrastructure systems becomes difficult or even im- west's transportation infrastructure was constructed possible. The challenge of restoring transportation prior to modern seismic design standards. Many networks after a Cascadia event may be compound- bridges, tunnels, and ports have yet to be seismically ed by the damages to other interconnected systems, retrofitted to withstand the shaking. Additionally, such as fuel, power and communication systems. many transportation systems are built across lique- 37 ROADS During the initial response period, widespread road Close to half of Interstate 5, running from the damage may impair rescue operations, access to crit- southern Oregon border to the U.S.-Canadian ical buildings, and the restoration of utilities. In the border, may suffer medium to high damage and impacted area of Washington and Oregon, roughly be unusable for long distance travel until road and one-third of highways may suffer medium to high bridge repairs are made. These repair procedures damage, with damages ranging from localized, mod- may be as simple as sealing large cracks or patching erate cracking to the complete failure of pavement up bumps in the pavement, or extensive enough to and subsurface soils supporting the roads. require the complete removal and replacement of existing pavement and subsurface materials. Table 6 describes road damage for each damage state. This damage is due to ground failure as a re- Road damage may be particularly severe in coastal sult of lateral or vertical displacement, liquefaction, areas where the shaking is most intense. Almost or landslides. The photos in Figures 19-24 illustrate the entire stretch of U.S. Highway 101, from the these types of ground failures and corresponding southern Oregon border to the northern tip of the damage states. Table 6. Description of road damage state resulting from permanent ground displacement Damage State Low Medium High Permanent ground displacement 1 - 3 3 - 12 > 12 (inches) Summary of Slight cracking or Moderate to extensive Roadway pavement damage movement. No inter- cracking or movement and subsurface soils description ruption of traffic. of pavement surface fail. Roadway surface but not failure of sub- requires replacement. surface soils. 38 ROADS ( CONT.) Olympic Peninsula, may suffer high damage, with drive from work to home or as individuals seek the roadway shifting up or down a foot or more in to drive toward loved ones. While some degree of many areas. Low-lying segments of U.S. 101 that movement may be possible via alternate routes, mo- survive the shaking will likely be damaged by the torists may need to expect longer travel times and rushing waters of the tsunami or landslides. Figure heavy congestion. 17 illustrates roadways destroyed by a tsunami. Roads connecting major urban areas in the I-5 Most of the roads connecting coastal communities corridor with infrastructure in eastern Oregon and to the I-5 corridor may also suffer high damage due eastern Washington, may suffer little structural to extensive ground settlement. With few drivable routes from the coast to the I-5 corridor, coastal communities along U.S. 101 maybe unable to self-evacuate. Emergency responders may also find it nearly impossible to deliver emergency supplies of food, water, fuel, and materials by ground until sufficient road repairs are made, which could take several months. However, the coast may still be accessible by sea or air. Figures 20-21 shows the type of high damage to expect on segments of coastal 3 highway. In urban areas, damage to roadways may cause heavy traffic congestion as commuters attempt to .ti Figure 17. The 2011 Tohoku tsunami caused high damage Figure 18. The 2010 M7.1 Canterbury, New Zealand to roadways, shifting parts of the road up or down by more earthquake caused low to medium damage to roadways, than a foot. Photo:Japan Red Cross Society,published in with two to five inches of permanent ground displacement. the New York Times March 24, 2011. Photo: Martin Luff. 39 ROADS ( CONT. ) damage to the roads themselves. However, there are only a handful of eastbound routes that run through the steep, mountainous terrain of the Cascades and many of these routes cross pre-existing landslides. The earthquake could trigger landslides that block • or endanger these mountain passes. With only two major interstate highways, a handful of U.S. and state routes, and two rail lines crossing the Cascades, even a few landslide events or damaged bridges on these routes may cripple the movement of supplies from the eastern side of Washington and Oregon Figure 20. The 2011 M6.3 Christchurch, New Zealand into the I-5 corridor and coastal regions. earthquake caused high damage to roadways as a result of ground failure due to liquefaction. This type of damage may require the removal and replacement of existing pavement. Photo: David Hallett, HITRAC. I r. t _ _ Figure 19.A M7.0 earthquake in California caused medium damage to roadways, with three to twelve inches of vertical displacement dissecting the road. This type of damage can Figure 21. The 2007 Niigata earthquake in Japan triggered be patched with an asphalt concrete overlay. Photo:Karl V. landslides that took out portions of roads. Some critical Steinbrugge, HITRAC. roadways in Oregon and Washington were built atop preexisting landslides, which could be triggered again during the earthquake. Source, CREW. 40 WASHINGTON : ROADS Over a quarter of Washington's road infrastructure and subsurface materials. Nearly the full extent of may suffer medium to high damage, with damages U.S. 101 may suffer high structural damage, with ranging from large cracks and ground settlement to landslide debris blocking segments of road near complete failure of pavement structure and sub- Chinook, Hoquiam, Port Angeles, and Shelton. surface materials. The high damage road segments may be completely unusable until major repairs are Most of the primary and secondary roads between made. the coast and the I-5 corridor may be unusable for long-distance travel due to high structural damage Washington's portion of the I-5 interstate stretches caused by the initial earthquake. Alternative routes some 250 miles from the Canadian border to the along tertiary roads may exist. However, landslide southern border with Oregon. Roughly two-thirds debris may render these roads inaccessible or unus- may suffer medium or greater damage, with large able. cracks and major settlement across many segments of roadway. Damage may be particularly severe in When the tsunami waves make landfall, parts of the Seattle-Tacoma region, as shown in Figure 22. as many as eight major coastal highways will likely be destroyed by the force of the waves. Coastal Roadway damage may be extensive throughout communities will likely be completely isolated for a the coast and coastal mountain chain. As shown couple of weeks. Restoration of ground transporta- in Table 7, 75 percent of the roadways may suffer tion infrastructure connecting coastal communities high damage, including over 12 inches of ground to the interior of the states may take several months. displacement resulting in the failure of pavement Table 7. Distribution of damage states for highways in Washington state, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 14% 6% 5% 75% 1-5 corridor 65% 5% 8% 22% East 33% 66% 0% 0% Summary of No 1 - 3 inches ground 3 - 12 inches ground Over 12 inches damage damage. displacement. displacement. Moder- ground displace- description Slight cracking or ate to extensive crack- ment. Roadway movement. No in- ing or movement of pavement and terruption of traffic. pavement surface but subsurface soils fail. not failure of subsurface Roadway surface re- soils. quires replacement. 41 , )'N I Now, Ciatidei NattOnat i,+ ;;1 BELLINC,HAM Palk t ANACOR TES U PORT �ANGELES p VCR r,E'JcRE 1 ill) Olympic h, -- noucifla4 1 Park t b SEATTLE' II BELLEVUE Washington ` 4TACOM A A01?l r� �y Ntv A (JCEA!:1 \ r rr�c7wC� PF.3'Ft'•F Fh ' ' 4 _ 12 i Mount Ra Ot lot Watianal 01j PAIN f 6' oil, `f'AKI LONG � �'aM.rew HMOs SEAS DE a .. Ot� /-6� 266. 40 60 K >e Infrastructure N County Boundar'-s `c 'u' (30 p'K'ri s City LUrnits Area of Operation Highways Highway +, Name n ;aw [lonsial Nrghway Segments �, '�- Reservanonatwn Prctected Lands I-v � Interstate g `°' !� Highway Tunnels P so Data INationalaneState) Eav Figure 22. Washington state road and tunnel damage caused by the initial earthquake 42 OREGON : ROADS In Oregon, the 1-5 highway stretches over 300 miles ing coastal roads to the I-5 corridor may also suffer from the Washington border to the southern border high damage and be unusable for long-distance trav- with California. Roughly half of the interstate may el. Along U.S. 20 from Corvallis to Newport, dam- suffer high structural damage from the initial earth- age may be especially heavy, with up to three feet of quake, with large cracks and major settlement across settlement across segments of roadway. Oregon state many segments of roadway. Mountainous terrain highways 38, 126, 34, 20, 18, 22, and U.S. 26 may in the southern part of Oregon and ongoing slope suffer high damage along their full extent. instability in areas around Portland may cause high damage to much of I-5 from Eugene to Portland. Oregon highways 4, 6, 8, 105, 109, and 112, as well Large cracks, loose soil, and landslide debris may as U.S. 12 may have large cracks and major settle- occur along this stretch of highway. ment across many segments of roadway. Loose soil and landslide debris may block access to segments Roadway damage may be extensive throughout the along Oregon 42, U.S. 199 and U.S. 30. Many of coastal region, as shown in Figure 23. As shown in these roadways may be closed for several weeks to Table 8, ninety-one percent of the roadways in the several months.Travel up and down the coast and coastal corridor may suffer high damage, including into the valley will be difficult. Alternative routes over 12 inches of ground displacement resulting along tertiary roads may exist. However, landslide in the failure of pavement and subsurface materi- debris may render these roads inaccessible or unus- als. Nearly the full extent of U.S. Highway 101 in able. Oregon may be completely destroyed by the initial earthquake. When the tsunami waves make landfall, as many as twenty-five major coastal highways may be partially Most of the primary and secondary roads connect- or fully destroyed by the force of the waves. Table 8. Distribution of damage states for highways in Oregon, by areas of operation. Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 6% 1% 2% 91% 1-5 corridor 35% 10% 8% 46% East 100% 0% 0% 0% Summary of No 1 -3 inches ground 3 - 12 inches ground Over 12 inches damage damage. displacement. displacement. Moder- ground displace- description Slight cracking or ate to extensive crack- ment. Roadway movement. No in- ing or movement of pavement and terruption of traffic. pavement surface but subsurface soils fail. not failure of subsurface Roadway surface re- soils. quires replacement. 43 uav'.KY•� 197� O1� t 28. �VANCOUVER ;.f' '^k,« .:�_a,�r i •t...-_- PORT,Ci4NDe,. '' _ l -i UAtx�: 6 r ' V 9 l97j UNCOLNI Iffy ( SALEM 26, t ! VliNm$Ort". 22 26 �26 197 30� 20, EUGENE BEND . cLONFr+CE 01 i r IC+ r97� Oregon 2C rocs Ot / I. Gisler 42 Lai* Nat{oam f97'l Paint 0 '•MEOFURD 77 Legend 0 20 40 60 80"i Infrastructure County Boundares 0 '20 L 80 80Kn —jr ClNLlmits £ r�.,T Highway �\ Area of Operation Highways C g y t\i�tl it, Native Amanca� Segments Reservation H gtiway 1-5 td!� interstate 0 Highway Tunnels I Protected Lands a.0�„•, tNational and State) East, Figure 23. Oregon road and tunnel damage caused by the initial earthquake 44 ROAD BRIDGES As seismic waves move across the region, over 9,000 a result of lateral or vertical displacement, liquefac- bridges that tie our transportation network together tion, or landslides. will be put to the test. Seismic waves are amplified when they move across the deep, soft soils that the majority of these damaged bridges may with- support many of our bridges. Amplified waves may stand the shaking well, experiencing minor cracking send destructive, resonate vibrations across long of decks and abutments, and some sloughing-off of bridges, causing them to twist, swing, and pull away concrete protective layers on bridge piers. These cos- from their abutments. As the shaking subsides, two- metic damages may not interrupt traffic, and may thirds of the region's road bridges may be damaged require only minor repairs. to some degree.Table 9 describes bridge damage for each damage state. Figures 24-27 provide examples Some 2,000 bridges may suffer moderate levels of these damage states from past earthquakes and of damage and may not be able to support even tsunamis. This damage is due to ground failure as reduced vehicular traffic until temporary supports Table 9. Description of damage levels for road bridges Damage state Low Medium High Bridge Minor cracking or Moderate damage Bridge collapse or damage sloughing off of the requiring repairs before damages so severe as to outer layer of concrete use, but not requiring require demolition and description columns or walls sup- demolition of bridg- complete replacement porting bridges or to es.These moderate of the entire bridge.This bridge decks. These damages may include damage may include damages require only extensive cracking of collapse of bridge deck minor, cosmetic repairs, support columns, up or any column supporting but the bridges can sup- to two inches of move- the bridge, or tilting of port traffic even before ment in bridge columns the bridge due to foun- these repairs are made. alignment, or extensive dation failure. Bridges damage to the connec- likely impassable to tions between a bridge traffic. and its support columns or walls. Bridges may not support heavy loads and will likely require en- gineering assessments before deemed safe for traffic. 45 ROAD BRIDGES ( CONTA are put in place. Later, they may need extensive Bridges along the coastal highways from Southern repair to be fully functional again. However, nearly Oregon to the northern tip of the Olympic Peninsu- 20 percent of the bridges in the region —over 1,000 la may suffer the highest level of damage, especially bridges—may either completely collapse or be dam- bridges carrying U.S. 101. Several bridges that aged enough as to require the replacement of the survived the earthquake may be washed away by the entire bridge. Aftershocks may continue to impact tsunami.Additionally, debris from bridge collapse transportation systems in the response and recovery and tsunami inundation will block access to critical phases, worsening damage to moderately and heavi- transportation infrastructure. ly damaged bridges. With direct shaking damage to bridges and land sliding onto highways or bridges, traditional ground access from the I-5 corridor west to the coast may be completely cut off. Due to the rugged terrain upon which these highways were built, detouring traffic around bridge collapses may not be possible in all locations. A. s . Figure 25. The 1994 M6.7 Northridge Earthquake 9 9 q �_•' caused low damage to a California highway bridge, r- r V shifting sections of the bridge and breaking a guard :. r � rail. Bridges with low damage should be operational and require only minor repair later. Photo: Mark Aschheim. Figure 24. The 1989 M6.9 Loma Priesta earthquake in California caused medium damage to the support column of a bridge. The shaking caused the concrete to break up and shift the bridge column alignment. Photo: H.G. Wilshire, USGS. 46 ROAD BRIDGES ( CONTA Access to the east-west corridor will be critical for people trying to evacuate the tsunami. Due to transportation impacts, many survivors in coastal communities may be unable to self-evacuate out of the most heavily impacted areas. In the immediate aftermath, coastal survivors may remain scattered across hundreds of miles of coastline in isolated tsunami-inundated communities. With heavily damaged bridges and degraded roadways, delivering emergency supplies may be impossible using tradi- tional ground transportation. '' a Figure 27. Following the 1994 M6.7 Northridge Earthquake in California, several freeway bridges such as this post-tensioned north to south connector ramp, completely collapsed. Heavily damaged and collapse of bridges that have not been seismically retrofitted - may severely disrupt transportation and take years to = demolish and rebuild. Photo: Guillermo Santana. 4 Figure 26. Tsunami waves following the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan slammed into a pier supporting a rail bridge. The force of the tsunami waves washed away the bridge spans and heavily damaged the pier. Photo: Shideh Dashti. 47 WASHINGTON : ROAD BRIDGES Many of the bridges in Washington may withstand the shaking well and may not interrupt transpor- tation. However, as many as 30 percent of bridges may suffer moderate levels of damage and may not be able to support even reduced vehicular traffic un- til temporary supports are put in place. Roughly 20 percent of bridges—over 700 - may either complete- ly collapse or be in imminent danger of collapse. Over a dozen bridges holding I-5 may suffer irrepa- rable damage from the earthquake, and several may collapse. Many of the recently seismically retrofitted BRIDGE RETROFITTING IN I-5 overpasses from south of Everett to Joint Base Lewis-McChord may only suffer minor damage. W A S H I N G T O N STATE However, the on/off ramps to those overpasses may have damage. Figures 28 and 29 show the locations Most of western Washington's bridges are of damaged bridges in Washington State. located in high to moderate seismic zones and were designed prior to modern stan- As shown in Table 10, half of the bridges in coastal dards. To address this, the Washington State corridor may sustain high damage. This damage Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has may be extensive enough to require the complete invested more than $166 million since the replacement of the entire bridge. Within minutes early 1990s to retrofit existing bridges. of the earthquake, the resulting tsunami may send waves of water and debris that inundate several To date, 284 bridges in the program have more coastal bridges. been retrofitted, 34 are currently being retrofitted and 595 still require work. Each bridge is evaluated based on capacity and needs using nationally adopted guidelines. From July 2013 to July 2017, WSDOT will spend$26 million to shore up bridges. To complete all of the bridges in the program will require approximately$1.4 billion. WSDOT, federal, and local officials have pri- oritized some of the retrofitting to create a resilient bridge "life line" through the Puget Sound. The goal is to create a north-south route between Joint Base Lewis-McChord south of Tacoma and Paine Field in Everett that can be used to transport emergency supplies after a major earthquake. 48 WASHINGTON : ROAD BRIDGES ( CONT. ) Table 10. Distribution of damage states for Washington state road bridges, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 16% 12% 23% 50% 1-5 corridor 53% 7% 27% 13% East 100% 0% 0% 0% Summary of No Slight damage re- Moderate damage Bridge collapse or damage damage. quiring only minor, requiring repairs before damages so severe description cosmetic repairs, use, but not requiring as to require demo- but the bridges demolition of bridges. lition and complete can support traffic Bridges may not sup- replacement of even before these port heavy loads and the entire bridge. repairs are made. will likely require engi- Bridge likely im- neering assessments passable to traffic. before deemed safe for traffic. 49 ,aa"ovw FIN ` s r Vancouver Island w.. son "'tQ— t - BELLINGHAM Leo 120Ana `-- �� � '.'• ANACORTES t� .. PORT ANGELES r -10, o. Washington r -. ERETT O 2 M u;apnN r .. n — SEATTLE { BELLEVUE gr Legend C 20 40 W °0N» infrastructure // :U 40 90 8o 1001tm High �cu�rr Bour dates WESTERN Ctty Lets Area of Operation Highways Medium Nat"Arftntan 1 GdSlt1 ,hr a, i x Road Bridges Reservation PW6Ctaa Lands Interstate None (NaMnal and State) Fa 4t `ode Loartnn—OWN. Figure 28. Bridge damage on major highways in northern Washington caused by the initial earthquake • A t i t fl;,k101� . s ■. _ - _ __ OL.YtJPik OCEAN SHORES ABERDEEN rt�,ta i+N MMMry 4r. of s�-� �.► ,'" i 12 Xl t rr EACH LONG SEASiDt 1� - L r J f l T _ � 26_ Legend C 40 89 80M Infrastructure n _c 47 cA K +coxT o High ._ 9 County Boundaries WFSTF R\ Area of Operation Highways Medium Cityn,t4 Road Bridges Coastal H* hwa' V Nat,ve Amer"n ! a Low Reservaticn +� l.s ntertate a Protected Lands � o None ter.Dacron»-diam� ;National and Stale East Figure 29. Bridge damage on major highways in southern Washington caused by the initial earthquake SEATTLE METRO : ROADS AND BRIDGES Road and bridge damage may significantly disrupt traffic in Washington's population centers, as shown in Figures 30 and 31. Most of the high damage road segments may be concentrated between Seattle and Tacoma. Large cracks, loose soil, and landslide debris may make this stretch of I-5 impassible until major repairs are made. Congested surface streets and other alternate routes may make some move- ment possible, but may add to already lengthy travel times. Repair of the urban road system may take months to years to complete. 52 ,o1y EV RETT I t fJ a 4'Gv'ta.i(t y tr! i 01 ` �\) �PatrdsaaM Rewwebon SEATTLE t?Et_LEvuE Washington l o -t— TAC0MA r`! t,1cR}!rrur� V F ..8� � h•:a.anr, Legend c Infrastructure "r County Boundares Ame High CAY Limits a i.!aa um Highway Area of Operation Highways Se meats ��t w I i+,z Nati �� ve rican CQAstat sigh vaY Low 9 Reservation i sOm 'Interstate o o Q Highway Tunnels Pratec6ed Landsorr N No Data bow (Nadonei and State) Ease Figure 30. Road and tunnel damage on major highways in the Seattle metropolitan area of Washington 53 t22,UV W ,tom' I 'EVERETT F a.N S47:.j ('t). 4tN .ta 1 t t 1I I I f i SEATTLE .. t EELLEVUE S t� t Washington ,{ r r TAC061A —' >. ii Legend C 20 M' Infrastructure County 8oundar es c' =' " s « Nigh v City Limits Area of Operation Highways t.ted:um Wt 5 t i ' X Native American es " Lo+r Road 8nd� r? Rese vatwn Coastal Highway I5 E None Protected Lands =f3 Interstate a INationai and State) East Figure 31. Bridge damage on major highways in the Seattle metropolitan area of Washington 54 OREGON : ROAD BRIDGES Roughly half of the bridges in Oregon may with- as many as one-third may be so heavily damaged stand the shaking fairly well and may not interrupt as to be impassable immediately after the quake. transportation. However, over 20 percent of bridges Within minutes of the earthquake, the resulting tsu- may suffer moderate levels of damage and may not nami may send waves of water and debris that may be able to support even reduced vehicular traffic inundate a dozen or more coastal bridges. until temporary supports are put in place; and over 20 percent of bridges—as many as 700— may either The overall condition of east-west bridges between completely collapse or be in imminent danger of the coast and the Willamette Valley may be only collapse. This damage may be extensive enough as marginally better than those on U.S. 101. Each to require the complete replacement of the entire major connecting highway may have at least one bridge. General locations of damaged bridges are collapsed or irreparable bridge. shown in Figures 32 and 33. Bridge damage may significantly impact all of Ore- Dozens of bridges along the I-5 corridor may suffer gon's major commercial centers— Portland, Salem, irreparable damage from the earthquake, and several Eugene, Corvallis, and Albany—all of which are may collapse. The violent shaking along the coast bisected by the Willamette River. In some places, may destroy many coastal bridges, especially those bridges spanning rivers may collapse into the river, holding U.S. 101. As shown in Table 11, fifty-five temporarily disrupting shipping channels along percent of the bridges in the coastal corridor may sections of the Columbia and lower Willamette Riv- suffer high damage. This damage may be extensive er, preventing the movement of fuels and essential enough to require the complete replacement of the recovery equipment by water. entire bridge. Of the 135 bridges holding U.S. 101, 55 OREGON : ROAD BRIDGES ( CONT. ) Table 11. Distribution of damage states for Oregon road bridges, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 10% 11% 24% 55% 1-5 corridor 32% 6% 42% 20% East 94% 6% 0% 0% Summary of No Slight damage re- Moderate damage Bridge collapse or damage damage. quiring only minor, requiring repairs before damages so severe description cosmetic repairs, use, but not requiring as to require demo- but the bridges demolition of bridges. lition and complete can support traffic Bridges may not sup- replacement of even before these port heavy loads and the entire bridge. repairs are made. will likely require engi- Bridge likely im- neering assessments passable to traffic. before deemed safe for traffic. 56 Washington yw. � � t .1W _jolt r' VANCOuVER •PORTL*AND-" `iV .'fJr t� a:i`14ti, ! 99 �.�tit�Il t T 14, C?Y �._ SALEM ; O rem V .hD1 � _ �97y 3 _ . - - Z .�. M - 20' ---1 r• Lt (-pt t t. KO 13 ELKFNE,- BEND 20 c ao so aoMI Infrastructure Legend N 0 20 _0 EC toDK. O • Hlqh County Boundaries IN c LM(tS Area of of Operation Highways -. Medium 5TF lfg l.d Road Bridges Na4ve American Coastal highway Low Reservation Ir S interstate w Protected Lands o None 'National and Stale East tih LO IIM AIdV ! Figure 32. Bridge damage on major highways in northern Oregon FLORENc£ _-y .... .. 33' +�- r EA5_EAI Oregon �10, co x. ,» MEDFORD \ 97 1, (MSS � 0 ?� 40 �_..60_,. 80Mi Legend Infrastructure 0 40 60 so 100Krm p High � 9 County Boundare9 WESTF% City LMIS Area of Ot3eration Highymm » Medium 7JaLve Amerrcen Coastal — highway � Low �"� Road Bridges Reservation W Prol I �- ectea Lands InCangla a o None (National and State) Ea at Na.L«o�.+r+aiasn� Figure 33. Bridge damage on major highways in southern Oregon PORTLAND METRO : ROADS AND BRIDGES Road and bridge damage may significantly disrupt traffic flow in downtown Portland, as shown in Figures 34 and 35. Bridges outside of the downtown core, such as St.Johns, Fremont, Broadway, Steel, Burnside, Morrison, Hawthorne, Ross Island, and Sellwood—may need to be inspected before they are passable. In the immediate hours after the earth- quake, many of the workers in the downtown core of Portland may struggle to get home if they live east of the Willamette River. Workers who live on the west side of town may also have problems getting home. One or more tun- nels on Highway 26, a major transportation artery between Portland and its west-side suburbs, may not be passable. Many workers may be stranded in the downtown area until bridges and tunnels are cleared. Congested surface streets and other alter- nate routes may make some movement possible, but may add to already lengthy travel times. Repair of the urban road system may take months to years to complete. 59 b � 1 �i t Washington i i ij �1 ,ANCOUVER 626 PORT JN, D��`._= 26! 'zyl Oregon Legend c Infrastructure �1 County Boundaries 0 20" • High N, /• ` City'Limits Area of Ooeratlon Hiahways ¢ hiedium Highway15 Native American Segments Reservation Coastal ---- Highway Low Protaclod Lands I'S fa interstate 3 Nona Q Highway Tunnels or No Data (National and State) East Figure 34. Road and tunnel damage on major highways in the Portland metropolitan area 60 i t'IIL Washington 26 \ i ``l'•� �WANCOUVER T k PORTLAND r r A— 26 NK I- YAM111 Joil Oregon Legend c za"' Infrastructure County Boundar-ts C 201(m 0 High \ City Limits Medium Area of Operation Highways ¢ �1rC11't R� Reservation Native Ame can Coastal R Low ~ Road Bridges igh•Nay [ E Protected Lands Interstate a None (National and State) East Figure 35. Bridge damage on major highways in the Portland metropolitan area 61 AIR TRANSPORTATION Definition:Airport facilities include terminal build- ings,fuel facilities, and control towers. These, combined with the runways, make up airport transportation infrastructure. Ad In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, air transportation may be the only viable means to evacuate residents and deliver supplies to areas impacted by the earthquake. However, damaged air- port facilities and runways may impede emergency transport to and from the impacted areas. Figure 37. In 2014, a M6.9 earthquake near Greece Of the 100 airports in the impacted area of Wash- caused nonstructural damage to airport at Lemnos ington and Oregon, roughly two-thirds may suffer International Airport in Lemnos, Greece. Photo: Ayis medium or greater structural damage from the Theos. initial earthquake. This damage may be extensive enough as to temporarily halt all air traffic in and out of these airports. Control towers and terminal buildings at high-damage airports may sustain strut- In addition to structural damage, terminals and control towers may suffer extensive nonstructur- tural damage severe enough to cause reinforced-steel structures to collapse or put the structure in immi- al damage. The shaking could cause unanchored nent damager of collapse, as illustrated in Figure 36. electrical equipment to fall, breaking connections to wire piping and ducts, or it could cause suspended ceilings to collapse and some light fixtures to fall, as shown in Figure 37. In control towers, this damage may obstruct air control and monitoring capabil- ities. These airports may require a portable con- trolling facility to operate at a very limited capacity. In addition, navigation aids may be downed in ' many areas, affecting air transportation. - r - .r Although damage to airports may hamper com- mercial travel, these damages may not necessarily prevent emergency air transport operations. As long as runways remain intact and useable, responders can carry out these operations regardless of whether Figure 36.The Great Alaskan Earthquake in 1964 the airport itself is functional. caused this reinforced concrete-framed control tower to collapse at the Anchorage International Airport. Photo: Karl V. Steinbrugge. 62 AIR TRANSPORTATION (CONT. ) Roughly 80 percent of runways may suffer only minor to no damage; most of these are in the I-5 corridor. With appropriate air traffic support, pilots may access these runways to carry out emergency response operations. Undamaged runways may be a critical resource for high-impact areas, especially - No Z runways long enough to accommodate the type of fixed-wing aircrafts typically needed to stage emer- gency response operations. In Washington and Ore- .. .� gon, 76 of these longer runways exist, but half may be damaged beyond use. On the coast, only a few of these runways may be used to support response t.., operations. In the tsunami inundation zones, some smaller r runways that have enough usable open pavement to support helicopters may be functional once the wa- _�, ter has receded. While helicopters can typically land on any level clearing, they are slower and generally have a lower carrying capacity than heavier fixed- winged aircraft. Figure 38. The M7.9 Denali earthquake in 2002 caused significant damage to the only runway at the Northway, Alaska airport. The runway was temporarily replaced with a gravel surface before permanent repairs. Photo: Unknown. e' Figure 39.Tsunami waves resulting from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, inundated the first floor and parts of the second floor of the terminal at Sendai Airport and littered runways and tarmac with debris. Photo: Staff Sgt. Samuel Morse, U.S. Air Force. 63 WASHINGTON : AIR TRANSPORTATION Many of the runways in the I-5 corridor of Wash- damage to the pipelines that deliver this fuel, air ington may sustain little or no damage, with only transport out of SeaTac and surrounding airports minor cracking and heaving of the pavement. may be more difficult. Among the surviving runways, several runways ca- pable of handling C-130 aircraft may be operational The most significant damage may be reported within hours of the event. at airport facilities along the coast, where soil liquefaction may cause large breaks across run- The terminals and control tower at Seattle-Tacoma way pavement and ground settling that collapses International Airport (SeaTac) may sustain some control towers. As shown in Table 12, 55 percent structural damage, including minor cracking to sup- of the airport facilities in the coastal corridor may port beams and columns. While this damage may suffer high damage. This damage may render many not disrupt air traffic, extensive nonstructural dam- of these facilities unusable by fixed-wing aircraft. age may result in a temporary closure. Runways at However, some runways may have enough usable SeaTac may suffer little damage. However, damaged open pavement to support helicopters. The loca- roads and bridges adjacent to SeaTac may impede tion of airport facilities is shown in Figure 40. ground access. If jet fuel shortages occur because of Table 12. Distribution of damage states for Washington state airport facilities, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 0% 45% 55% 1-5 corridor 0% 30% 32% 8% East 27% 73% 0% 0% Summary of No Minor structural Most beams and col- Structure is col- damage structural damage, with some umns exhibit cracks. lapsed or in im- description damage. beams and columns Some frame elements minent danger of Possible exhibit hairline have reached yield collapse. non- cracks near joints capacity, which may structural or within joints. result in partial collapse. damage. Some nonstructural Damage may obstruct damage. air control and monitor- ing capabilities. 64 Vancouver WHAT V 4 cu Istand 9E&INGHAM f rrrA ,�ANAC 1' � 1C A C.IT PORTANGELF.S _ n�+.t EERETT it 1;1 n It r is } SEATTLE BELL EV'�E KING u f ,� �' Washingt0 1 J r k� " '•` r t r r A y f� .TACO YA • CIO 1 { r AN.—':I I,�. -.[JLYAlC1A OCE ,J - l" SItOR£.�. AB£PoOIsEN _ _ f� � ",01 .,j` f` ,/� t t 7 M a., ;61 1, YAKI If W } i ",}'• r COWI.IT1. tie,:CE �j SKA MANIA " r /� r•.I lr l I u N ER t Iµa I ,li`PYI btAN Legen Landslides Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity tMMl1 Areas Sueceptjb,e - - County 10 co-sotsmc III or less bVeak VI: Strong Boundaries SA,rg Shaking Shaking Highways /! City Limits Airports IV Light VII Very Strong —= Nat�+e American Highway Shaking Shaking Reservation s Interstate V Ntoderale Vill or more 20 40 tr° 80 1 ' Shaking Severe Shaking , 20 40 EA 80 Km r Figure 40. Washington airports in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 65 OREGON : AIR TRANSPORTATION Most of the runways in the I-5 corridor of Oregon may fail resulting in possible flooding of the airport. may sustain light damage, with only minor cracking Moreover, damage to the pipelines carrying liquid and heaving of the pavement. Among the surviving jet fuel from Oregon's critical energy infrastructure runways, over a dozen runways capable of handling (CEI) hub may cause jet fuel shortages and limit C-130 aircraft are expected to be operational within flights out of PDX and surrounding airports. hours of the event. The Redmond Municipal Air- port, east of the Cascade Mountains, may be able to The most significant damage may be reported at accept fixed-winged aircraft up to Class 1. However, airport facilities along the coast, where soil liquefac- road and bridge damage may limit ground access to tion may cause large breaks across runway pavement many airports. and ground settling that collapses control towers. As shown in Table 13, all of the airport facilities in The terminals and facilities at Portland International the coastal corridor may suffer high damage. This Airport (PDX) may suffer some damage, with most damage may render many of these facilities unusable support beams and columns exhibiting minor cracks by fixed-wing aircraft. However, some runways may and some showing larger stress cracks. Even with have enough usable open pavement to support heli- only minor damage to the airport structures, unse- copters. The location of airport facilies in Oregon is cured equipment in the airport facilities may topple shown in Figure 41. over and break, requiring cleanup and replacement prior to reopening the facilities. The airport runways Within minutes of the earthquake, North Bend and may suffer damages due to liquefaction and levees Astoria airports may be inundated with water from protecting the airport along the Columbia River the resulting tsunami. Table 13. Distribution of damage states for Oregon airport facilities, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 0% 0% 100% 1-5 corridor 0% 0% 30% 70% East 100% 0% 0% 0% Summary of No Minor structural Most beams and col- Structure is col- damage structural damage, with some umns exhibit cracks. lapsed or in im- description damage. beams and columns Some frame elements minent danger of Possible exhibit hairline have reached yield collapse. non- cracks near joints capacity, which may structural or within joints. result in partial collapse. damage. Some nonstructural Damage may obstruct damage. air control and monitor- ing capabilities. 66 i t:dwLlre Washington C tt 47 SEl AM i'.t M ;�. 1• 1 26 - 0 OU ER i ervb nL1J1M0rc _ - /. PORTLAN 1 1 r XtylU M _ ,•� is o "r rI CI.AC MAY rq� LINCO(N 11 .�.J`--�" W,1 S C V fcw - - , urr M 26 2 rl # �j W11I,ki •{ t1.A N I V'� aw �IIIbOiA •.. -a.— _.._ 101 I'tIL 41 L20, __ � JkFF F:N1nN r:EUGENE ND i rtoaFNcr ~� Y� ,U.@—N.L;u+t s 1 Oregon uuv r J - r( Iv +KLAMA7q SON �. to DFOR !tr��.>}11kh1 101 Legend Landslides� Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) _ H Areas Susceptible County f to co-So'smc III or less:Weak VI Strong Boundaries Highways y Shaking Shaking City Lmts Airports IV Light VII Very Strong Native Am Highwayencan Shaking Shaking Reservation f Interstate V Nioderale VIII or more a zo so 00 K M, Shaking Severe Shaking 0 20 4 fA LQ Km < Figure 41. Oregon airports in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 67 RAIL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Definition: The rail transportation system consists of trackslroadbeds, bridges, tunnels, urban stations, main- tenance facilities,fuel facilities, and dispatch facilities. b Rail damage may be more disruptive than road damage due to the lack of alternative routes. Rail systems rely on continual clearance up and down the line. Moderate, localized earthquake and land- slide damage may result in bottlenecks in the rail network. This is especially severe in the case of dam- age to railway bridges. Unlike track repair, which � could be completed within a month, rail bridges Figure 42. The M 7.4 earthquake in Turkey caused localized may take several months to a year to repair.Table 14 bending of the rail tracks. Photo: Turkish State Railways. describes railway track and bridge damage for each damage level. Table 14. Railway track and bridge damage state description Damage State Infrastructure Low Medium High Component Railway Localized bending Considerable bend- Major bending of track tracks of tracks horizontally ing of track requiring due to settlement of or vertically, possibly repair. railway bed or shifting requiring minor repair of the ground surface before reopening track. over extended lengths of track. Railway Slight damage requir- Moderate damage Bridge collapse or bridges ing only minor, cosmet- requiring repairs before damages so severe as is repairs. Bridges can use, but not requiring to make rail transport support rail traffic even demolition of bridges. impossible without ex- before these repairs are Bridges may not sup- tensive repairs or dem- made. port heavy loads and olition and rebuilding. will likely require engi- neering assessments before being deemed safe for traffic. 68 RAIL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (CONT. ) The majority of rail facilities—such as train sta- tions, dispatch facilities, and fuel facilities—are located along the I-5 corridor. Over three-quarters r of these facilities may suffer moderate or greater damage which may significantly hinder the ability to perform essential dispatch and switching control. However, rail facilities can be replaced or relocated relatively quickly and with few resources. Most of the railway spurs running west from the I-5 corridor may suffer high damage and may be completely unusable until the entire spur has been checked for damage and repairs made. The major- Figure 44. The M9.2 Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964 ity of rail tracks along the I-5 corridor may suffer damaged extended lengths of track due to ground failure enough damage to require repair before they are use- as a result of lateral displacement. This type of ground failure can tear rails from their ties and caused them to able, hindering transport of export goods, industrial buckle. Photo: USGS. components, commuters, or other goods again. Rail tracks running east of the Cascades from Oregon and Washington may not suffer damage from the initial earthquake. However, railway tracks that survive the shaking may be damaged by landslides immediately after the earthquake or in the weeks and months following the event. Five or more mechanical bridges between Portland, Oregon and Marysville,Washington may be severely damaged by the earthquake. The loss of these bridg- es may have the biggest impact on rail shipments along the I-5 corridor. These bridges may be out of commission for six to twelve months while repairs are made. The loss of these bridges, coupled with damaged track segments up and down the line, may result in a complete shutdown of rail traffic along I-5 and to the west. Until bridge and track repairs are made, commu- Figure 43. The 2011 M 9 Tohoku earthquake caused nities between Seattle and Portland, and south of considerable bending of the Hitachinaka Railway tracks. Portland, may not have access to rail service of any Photo: Toshinoei Baba. kind. 69 WASHINGTON : RAIL DAMAGES In Washington's I-5 corridor, roughly half of railway suffer extensive damage. The loss of these critical track segments may suffer some damage, ranging bridges may halt all rail traffic along the I-5 corri- from minor, localized bending of the track to major dor. Eastbound rail lines may suffer little damage bending over extensive lengths (see Table 15). A few and may be used to reroute rail traffic in and out segments in the Tacoma area may suffer high dam- of Seattle. However, some of these routes may age from major ground settlement under rail tracks. suffer damage from landslides. Until bridge repairs are made, which may take six months to a year, As shown in Figure 45, several railway bridges communities south of Seattle may be isolated from between Seattle and Olympia, as well as the main rail service. railway bridge spanning the Columbia River, may 70 WASHINGTON : RAIL DAMAGES [CONT. ] Table 15. Washington rail facilities in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Railway Tracks Coastal 25% 2% 2% 71% 1-5 corridor 49% 6% 42% 3% East 100% 0% 0% 0% Summary of No dam- Localized bending Considerable bending Major bending of damage age• of tracks horizon- of track requiring repair. track due to settle- description tally or vertically, ment of railway bed possibly requiring or shifting of the minor repair before ground surface over reopening track. extended lengths of track. Railway Bridges Coastal 0% 0% 0% 0% 1-5 corridor 66% 0% 6% 28% East 100% 0% 0% 0% Summary of No dam- Slight damage re- Moderate damage Bridge collapse damage age. quiring only minor, requiring repairs before or damages so description cosmetic repairs, use, but not requiring severe as to make but the bridges can demolition of bridges. rail transport im- support rail traffic Bridges may not sup- possible without even before these port heavy loads and extensive repairs repairs are made. will likely require engi- or demolition and neering assessments repair. before deemed safe for traffic. 71 Vancouver wit+r�uM Island ticLLINGHAM icy wANAC:J{TE j j SNAGtT I CV, c PORT +ice) ANGELES ������fffv '� . 01 1 � � 3NVHVMI3N RETT r,n / 2 . � P ELLEUE SE THE r` ° Washingto om�rll 101 S (MN�+Mira, i � ��f-i ..'.1•- !� rl TITA CO IAnn. lr C tt� .O�lYtlhA �� OCEAN• SIgR ANE fS ROHEEN '� r� 1 L '•• -- r � f ? YAM BE7CM , r,,)W r I T Y fy+ r,u r/ � SKAMANIA SEA50MEn/^• 4 2 xL1 ITA of VAtVCOUVER ,y PORTL74ND Legend Landslide; Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) N County 1100 co setilmlle Boundaries ��� Sliding III or less Weak VI Strong City Limits Highways ❑ Rail Bridges Shaking Shaking WESTERN IV L_i hl VII Very Strong Native American Highway Rail Segments g 9 Reservation m4lm Interstate Shaking Shaking '° do 60 Bo pi-I V: Moderate Vill or more: + j a zo 40 se 80Ko Shaking Severe Shakincl Figure 45. Washington railway track and bridges in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 72 OREGON : RAIL DAMAGES In Oregon's I-5 corridor, most railway track seg- downtown Portland may suffer damages so severe ments may suffer some damage, ranging from mi- as to make rail transport impossible without exten- nor, localized bending of the track to major bending sive repairs or demolition and rebuilding. East- over extensive lengths (see Table 16). Rail segments bound rail lines may suffer little damage and be along the Willamette Valley between Portland and used to reroute rail traffic in and out of Portland. Eugene may suffer high damage from major ground However, some of these routes may suffer damage settlement under the rail tracks. from landslides. Until bridge and track repairs are made, communities and businesses north and As shown in Figure 46, the main rail bridge that south of Portland may be completely isolated from crosses the Columbia River and several bridges in rail service. 73 OREGON : RAIL DAMAGES ( CONT. ) Table 16. Distribution of damage states for Oregon rail tracks and bridges, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Railway Tracks Coastal 13% 2% 10% 75% 1-5 corridor 37% 8% 32% 23% East 100% 0% 0% 0% Summary of No dam- Localized bending Considerable bending Major bending of damage age• of tracks horizon- of track requiring repair. track due to settle- description tally or vertically, ment of railway bed possibly requiring or shifting of the minor repair before ground surface over reopening track. extended lengths of track. Railway Bridges Coastal 0% 0% 0% 0% 1-5 corridor 88% 0% 0% 13% East 0% 0% 0% 0% Summary of No dam- Slight damage re- Moderate damage Bridge collapse damage age. quiring only minor, requiring repairs before or damages so description cosmetic repairs, use, but not requiring severe as to make but the bridges can demolition of bridges. rail transport im- support rail traffic Bridges may not sup- possible without even before these port heavy loads and extensive repairs repairs are made. will likely require engi- or demolition and neering assessments repair. before deemed safe for traffic. 74 utvUlr: Washin ton p.., s., ��. °.1[A�fA41A K . CR7 T NCOWER j'POR 6 .ter \ AVEU w A' ` .1 Co -8 d t-D;k�WA 5 If 22 � f ,CUT-- 11 1 1 11 v . r SA_EM 4 r �� r,. NEIAPG4i ,2 1SMFHtlSnN EW ENE ND noRENCE t i 10IMIrl .'rt-v " Oregon / uuuqa at i r i� '1! KLAMAt11 / A QM CC) f / rr��;gfl Nlw r 111EOFORl7 oil r J , 97 Legend Landslides Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI) N Areas Susceptible County 10 Co-Se5^t Boundaries Sliding III or less Weak VI Strong City Limits Highways ElRall Bridges Shaking Shakng WESTERN Highway NatrveAmencan Rail Secgmenls IV Light VII Very Strong Reservation m4Pk Interstate Shaking Shaking 0 20 ao 00 Esc,Al V: Moderate VIII or more: a 2D a-, en en Km Shakinq Severe Shakin Figure 46. Oregon track and bridges in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 75 SEAPORTS Definition:Port facilities include waterfront structures the water. This outward movement can form deep (e.g., wharfs,piers and seawalls), cranes and cargo depressions behind retaining walls and damage handling equipment,fuel facilities, warehouses, and structures on the ground surface, as illustrated in port infrastructure, such as transportation systems and Figure 47. These large soil movements can derail utility systems. Intermodal transfer from ships onto cranes and warehouses and compromise access to trucks and trains, or into bulk storage, is required for shipping terminals. Until the retaining structure is the port to function. repaired, use of areas behind them may be limited to light loads. In many cases, port facilities were constructed prior to widespread use of engineered fills. Consequently, Seaports have a complex web of links to other ele- port structures are prone to damage, due to slope ments of the overall transportation system. If im- failure or lateral spreading from liquefaction. Liq- mediate rail and road access is not available, ports uefaction-induced soil movement can damage piers, will not be able to distribute goods to surround- wharfs, and seawalls by exerting pressure against the ing areas.Tarmacs, access roads, and other paved retaining structure, causing it to tilt or slide toward surfaces may experience differential settlement of _ ` Figure 47. Liquefaction resulting from 1995 M 6.9 Kobe earthquake caused high damage to facilities at the Port of Kobe. The liquefied soil pushed against a major retaining wall causing it to slide five to ten feet toward the water. This movement caused settlement of the retained soils and destroyed structures supported by these soils. Photo: Koji Sasahara, AP. 76 SEAPORTS (CONT. ) Table 17. Port facility damage level description Damage state Low Medium High Waterfront struc- Slight ground settle- Considerable ground Failure of most piles, tures (e.g., wharfs, ment causing minor settlement causing extensive sliding of piers and seawalls) cracking of pavement cracking of pavement piers, and significant and sliding of piers. with many piles sup- ground settlement Minor repairs may be porting piers/seawalls causing extensive required. broken and/or dam- cracking of pave- aged. ments. Extensive damage is widespread at the port facility. Cranes/Cargo- Slight ground settle- Derailment due to Considerable damage handling equipment ment, causing minor differential displace- to equipment. Totally damage to cranes and ment of parallel track. derailed cranes likely handling equipment. Toppled cranes likely to occur. Replacement Minor repair may be to occur. Rail repair of structural members required. and some repair to required. structural members required. Warehouse Slight ground settle- Considerable derail- Major differential set- ment, causing minor ment due to differ- tlement of the ground damage to warehous- ential settlement or resulting in potential es. Minor repair may offset of the ground. derailment over ex- be required. Rail repair is required. tended length. 77 SEAPORTS ( CONT. ) several feet or more due to liquefaction. Until these Of the 700 individual port facilities within Ore- surfaces are regraded and resurfaced, marine termi- gon and Washington, as many as 90 percent may nals may only operate at a very limited capacity. be moderately or highly damaged from the initial earthquake. This damage may be as minimal as Table 17 lists the physical components of port facil- cracked decks above piers, slight derailment of ities and provides a description of the damage that cranes, or minor displacement of decks in warehous- correlates to low, medium, and high damage states. es, or as great as to require complete replacement of The photos below illustrate port facility damage and the facility. corresponding damage states. Damaged navigation channels may also affect ma- rine terminal viability. The Columbia River navi- gation channel is an engineered structure designed to accommodate deep-water vessels. The channel extends 100 miles upstream to the ports of Kalama, Longview, Portland, and Vancouver. During the earthquake, the lateral spreading of channel banks and underground landslides may shift sediment into navigation channels, trapping deep-water vessels in transit in waterways. Bridge or dam failure may block access to the channel for an extended period of time. Figure 48. The 2010 Haitian earthquake caused medium damage to surrounding facilities, causing shipping p " containers to tumble and warehouses to derail. Ships were unable to deliver supplies and aid until repairs were made. a Photo: U.S. Coast Guard. , Figure 49. The 2010 M7 Haitian earthquake caused high damage to the main port terminal in Port-au-Prince. Seismically induced lateral spreading caused a shipping- container crane to tilt toward the harbor. Photo: Daniel C. Pearson, U.S. Navy. 78 SEAPORTS ( CONT. ) When the tsunami arrives, it is likely that debris entrained in the waves will scour the navigational channels and destroy port facilities along the outer coast and mouth of the Columbia River. Navigation may be extremely difficult from the mouth of the Columbia River to the Portland/Vancouver area. The channel may need to be dredged and cleared of silt and bridge debris before navigability is restored. The lower reaches of the Columbia River may be inaccessible for up to a month due to changes in navigability. The location of port facilities on the Columbia River are shown in Figure 52. Figure 51. The 1996 M6.6 Kobe earthquake in Japan caused damage to pavement supporting tanks and other facilities. Some of Washington and Oregon's port fuel facilities, such Figure 50.A tsunami resulting from the 1965 M9.2 as fuel tanks and terminals, are situated on liquefiable soil. earthquake in Alaska caused significant damage to These facilities could spill or rupture during the earthquake, facilities at Seward Port. In addition to infrastructure posing serious fire and explosion threats. Photo:HITRAC. damage, tsunami currents could drastically modify the underwater topography near ports, making it difficult or even impossible for vessels to navigate. Photo: Mildred Kirkpatrick. 79 •:a-avw � 1 LFWIS hington LONG„ COWLITZ Co. s� tot SE4SIOCD ff 00 on ;01 C1, RK 1 9rp [_[ Al. �4't� ill1T� ti [ ON � Legend Landslides I I Modified Mercalli Intensity IMMO Areas Susceptible Q -Z0 40 K n County III or less ',Wa1; Vt Strong Bnundanes Sliaogeismic Infrastructure Shalung Shaking Native Highways IV.tight Vill Very Strong 1 Amencan Shaking Shaking Reservation Highway Q Seaports V. rate or more: CRYLimits �. Interstate Shakakinging Severe Shaking i Figure 52. Columbia River ports in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential WASHINGTON : SEAPORTS In the aftermath of the earthquake, Washington's W A S H I N G T O N STATE major international seaports—Seattle and Tacoma— may suffer damage from ground failure as a result of FERRY SYSTEM liquefaction. Locations of these ports are shown in Figure 53. Ports north of Seattle, such as the ports The Cascadia Region is home to a robust fer- of Bellingham and Anacortes may suffer the least ry transportation system that will be uniquely amount of damage and may be used to support re- impacted by a major CSZ earthquake. The sponse operations. The most significant port facility Washington Department of Transportation damage may be along the coast, where the shaking is operates the nation's largest ferry system expected to be most intense. As shown in Table 18, by fleet size and passenger volume. Twenty as much as 78 percent of port facilities in the coastal two vessels carry approximately 22 million region may suffer high damage. These damaged people and 10 million vehicles to and from facilities will likely need to be reconstructed. twenty ferry terminals annually. The system operates both domestic and internation- Within minutes of the earthquake, the resulting al routes, serving destinations throughout tsunami will send waves of water and debris that Northwest Washington State and Southwest will also likely destroy port facilities along the outer British Columbia. Full or partial failure of this coast and mouth of the Columbia River. Although system after a CSZ earthquake would create the tsunami wave heights may decrease in the inner significant response challenges for island Puget Sound, severe currents may damage ships and communities only accessible, or most easily piers in these inland harbors. If waves get stuck in a accessible, by existing ferry routes. small port or harbor, heightened currents could last for three to four days. e The earthquake and tsunami may significantly mod- ify navigation at the mouth of the Columbia River such that vessels may be unable to navigate the river to the upstream ports of Kalama, Longview, Port- land, and Vancouver. Because of damage to shipping - - channels, marine transport of petroleum from Puget Sound to Portland and other points along the Co- lumbia River may be difficult immediately following the earthquake and tsunami. The lower reaches of the Columbia River may be inaccessible for up to a month and may need to be dredged and cleared of silt and bridge debris before navigability is restored. Figure 53. The 1995 M6.6 Kobe earthquake damaged a loading ramp structure at Higashi-Kobe ferry pier, along The loss of critical maritime infrastructure across the with other port infrastructure in the area. Damage to ferry lower reaches of the Columbia River, and in Grays facilities could isolate island populations in the San Juan Harbor, may greatly impact commercial shipping. Islands and slow transportation across the Puget Sound. Photo: unknown. 81 WASHINGTON : SEAPORTS (CONTA In addition to ports, 50 ferry facilities serve coastal Puget Sound may suffer damage from liquefaction communities and communities along Puget Sound and lateral spreading of soil. These facilities may in Washington. Ferries serving coastal communities need extensive repairs before they can be used. The in Grays Harbor and Port Angeles may suffer high ferry system in the San Juan Islands may suffer only damage from the initial earthquake and may be minor damage. Until repairs are made, island popu- destroyed by the tsunami waves and strong currents. lations may be isolated because of the combination Most of the ferry facilities in central and southern of damage to ferry facilities, roads, and bridges. Table 18. Distribution of damage states for Washington state port facilities, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 0% 22% 78% 1-5 corridor 0% 18% 73% 9% East 33% 67% 0% 0% Summary of Port facil- Slight ground Broken and damaged Extensive damage damage ity is fully settlement causing piles supporting piers/ is widespread at the description functional. minor cracking seawalls. Considerable port facility. Failure of pavement and crane and warehouse of most piles and sliding of piers. derailment, with some extensive sliding Minor repairs may toppled cranes. Rail of piers. Potential be required. repair and some repair for totally derailed to structural members cranes and derail- required. ment of warehous- es over extended length Replacement of structural mem- bers required. 82 Vancouver �e wIl A r c Lim Island SaLlkGFUUN to �. t *NAC TES, S - SIR AGIY r_o. ORT ANGELES w f y E17ERETT f.0 r rFar,t-n, ,N r , C r � BELLEVJE sEnTnE Washington r.vc n� .97. r•tlsK a SfgRCS• ABEROEEN - ♦: it-0� YAKI! LONG BEACt/ J'�• - C.O W 111 1 r . -A::ti�f, v�4"VN f T. SKAIIANIA 4 SEAS,DE //�:__ /'///' YYY 1 f �•`� [O 26 �Gh . K1.1C.K I T A F ' re on Y)U Ur/f� "' OUVER �. WA'— ,•t. .Sfl KriMAr. uu�<,rc�rfl' ' PORTLAND 4: Legend landslides Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Areas Suscoptlble County to co-se s^l.0 III or less Weak VI Strong Boundaries s;b,ng Shaking Shaking IVESTER\ City Limits Highways O SeaportsIV: Light VII Very Strong Native Arnencar Highway Shaking Shaking ` ..!'- Reservation a4P= Interstate V Moderate VIII or more: I '° so so ao ti' Shaking Severe Shaking a 20 40 EC W Km �. Figure 54. Washington seaports in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 83 OREGON : SEAPORTS In the aftermath of the earthquake, Oregon's water- and mouth of the Columbia River. The earthquake borne transportation infrastructure may suffer severe and tsunami may significantly modify navigation at damage from ground failure as a result of liquefac- the mouth of the Columbia River such that vessels tion. As shown in Table 19, as much as ninety-sev- may be unable to navigate the river to upstream en percent port facilities in the coastal region may ports. Because of damage to shipping channels, suffer high damage. These damaged facilities will marine transport of petroleum from Puget Sound to likely need to be reconstructed. The location of port Portland and other points along the Columbia River facilities are shown in Figure 55. may be difficult immediately following the earth- quake and tsunami. The lower reaches of the Co- Within minutes of the earthquake, the resulting tsu- lumbia River may be inaccessible for up to a month, nami will send waves of water and debris that will and may need to be dredged and cleared of silt and likely destroy port facilities along the outer coast bridge debris before navigability is restored. Table 19. Distribution of damage states for Oregon port facilities, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 0% 3% 97% 1-5 corridor 0% 4% 31% 65% East 14% 86% 0% 0% Summary of Port facil- Slight ground Broken and damaged Extensive damage damage ity is fully settlement causing piles supporting piers/ is widespread at the description functional. minor cracking seawalls. Considerable port facility. Failure of pavement and crane and warehouse of most piles and sliding of piers. derailment, with some extensive sliding Minor repairs may toppled cranes. Rail of piers. Potential be required. repair and some repair for totally derailed to structural members cranes and derail- required. ment of warehous- es over extended length Replacement of structural mem- bers required. 84 121 O'etiV I,`. C r.V •. cower: Washington 97 .0 `O ~EMI IcR IT �A NCOWER i �t nurlAccc' PORTLAND "co" a I t 'I ♦ 4 t'(1 I Yh41.1111.1. ij(R /Sl AUK AMA$ :,1 Cal,w • wA Cci`: 01 1 :911 K.CO M RI h r�vvott 20 IN" 't I it if{ / 01 I EUGENE ,I ND N-F c ,pt ul$Cllurt9 ` Oregon 01 Il0ui,4A, I r I "1`' ♦ •K L A M A'i li CO 1 t11E r,H IN Nh i I WED FOR 01 �97 Legend Landslides Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity IMMI) N County Areas Susceptible to co-se's^1c III or less: Weak VI. Strong Boundaries Siding Shaking Shaking Highways City Limits O Seaports IV: Light VII Very Strong Native Amencar, Highway Shaking Shaking Reservation cjw Interstate V Moderate Vill or mote: o 20 40 00 er. Y Shaking Severe Shaking 0 20 d^ 50 K Ktn Figure 55. Oregon ports in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 85 WATER RESOURCE INFRASTRUCTURE Water is a critical resource for human in two nations. Thus, it can be difficult to consumption, agriculture, transportation, power identify who is responsible for which specific generation, and environmental sustainment piece of infrastructure, and what their roles and throughout the Cascadia Region. Water responsibilities are. resources are naturally formed, but collected and used through a complex system of physical A Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake and infrastructure designed to store, redirect, and move tsunami will have direct and indirect impacts on water where it is needed, or to mitigate flooding the region's water infrastructure. Water utilities are events. This infrastructure includes, but is not similar to other utilities in this regard as the loss of limited to, the following: power and other local damages will disrupt service until repairs can be completed. Those services can • Water control facilities and systems: be replaced temporarily through various means (e.g. bottled water, portable toilets, etc.). Water o Dams and reservoirs (water storage, control facilities and systems differ in that they power generation, flood control benefits, feed water to utilities and may have additional and recreation direct impacts on populated areas that are not o Canals (navigation, irrigation) easily mitigated. These impacts include, but are not o Levees, canals, and channels (flood limited to, the following: control, navigation) o Locks (navigation) • An increased risk of failure resulting from a loss of structural integrity, requiring the piece • Water utilities: of infrastructure to be shut down or operated at minimum levels until assessments and/or repairs o Water distribution systems are completed. o Storm and sewage drainage systems o Water treatment facilities (drinking and • Structural failure, possibly resulting in wastewater) catastrophic flooding, and loss of benefits until the project or system is rebuilt. Ownership of water resources infrastructure depends on the development history of the area • Loss of baseline power generation for the entire and is not based on any systematic or consistent region until repairs can be made, resulting in interstate approach. Federal agency control considerable economic impacts. alongside private ownership of infrastructure (e.g. dams) on the same river is not uncommon. • Loss of transportation and navigation For example, dams on the Columbia River are infrastructure until repairs are completed due owned and operated by Federal agencies, private to flooding of roads, damaged locks, blocked corporations, public utilities, and individuals navigation channels, etc. 86 DAMS AND LEVEES The potential for flood-induced damage from Seismic failure of levees during non-flood the failure of a single dam or levee could result in conditions does not pose an inundation hazard. large losses, and significantly compromise rescue However, flooding is possible if heavy rains occur and recovery efforts. Catastrophic failure of dams and levees are weakened by ground shaking. managed by the U.S.Army Corp of Engineers is not expected to occur. However, any federal, Dams and locks are a vital component for state, or privately owned dam or levee may sustain navigation along the Columbia River system. damage and will require immediate assessment. Redundancy does not exist for these dams and Damage sustained by a dam or levee from the locks. Failure of a dam or a lock would significantly initial seismic event will make the structure compromise river navigation for an extended significantly more vulnerable to aftershocks. period of time. In addition, a collapsed bridge obstructing the river channel would also impede Slumping and settlement of embankments caused navigation. Moreover, Portland International by liquefaction are among the most common Airport (PDX) is located adjacent to the Columbia causes of dam damage. If the dam is full, landslides River and is protected by a levee system. The in reservoirs could cause water to overtop the dam, airport could be impacted by levee failure and resulting in dam failure. Finally, damage to spillway liquefaction along the Columbia River. gates could lead to an unexpected water release resulting in significant flooding. 87 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS Definition: Generation facilities are the main supply Over half of the region's electric facilities may suffer components of electric power infrastructure systems. medium to high damage, resulting in a significant A transmission network of circuits, structures, and loss in load capacity. A description of these damage conductors transmit high-voltage power from generat- states is provided in Table 20. One thousand substa- ing plants to substations where the voltage is lowered. tions or more may be damaged by the earthquake Substations, which house transformers, high voltage and unable to provide service. Most electrical power switches, circuit breakers, and other critical electrical assets on the coast may suffer damage severe enough equipment, then allocate energy supply to a local distri- as to render the equipment and structures irrepara- bution area. Electric power must always be in balance ble. between the supply and the demand(called the load). Electric facilities in the I-5 corridor may suffer The electric power network supports almost ev- considerable damage to generation plants, and many ery aspect of life in the region. This vast network distribution circuits and substations may fail, result- provides the basic infrastructure to light and heat ing in a loss of over half of the systems load capacity. homes, run cash registers and keep items cold at When electric facilities fail, power is rerouted to the local grocer, power equipment at hospitals and neighboring segments of the network. Protective businesses, pump water and wastewater at munici- relays may sense the overload and shut down. The pal treatment plants and gasoline at commercial gas loss of load capacity from each switch may cause stations, amongst many other activities. The fragility cascading blackouts extending much further than of some of the electric power network's components the impacted area. Within minutes of the initial and their interconnectedness means this network is shaking, vast regions of Washington and Oregon vulnerable to damages that could cut electricity to may experience a complete blackout. large portions of the region after a Cascadia event. Much of the region's electric power network was not initially built to withstand earthquakes. At the region's gas, hydroelectric, nuclear, and other gen- erating plants, the strong shaking may cause instru- -� - �t ' ` ► �� �`" ments and racks to chatter and unanchored equip- j► —: . ment to slide around before crashing to the ground. Landslides, liquefaction, and lateral spreading may .� occur across the region's electric power grid net- work, which may cause distribution infrastructure and transmission tower failures. Fires may be ignited from fallen electrical lines throughout the region. At substations, seismically vulnerable equipment may fail and control buildings may be damaged. Figure 56. Earthquake damage to substation equipment. Photo:BPA Energy 88 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS (CONT. ) Table 20. Description of damage state levels for electric facilities Damage State Low Medium High Light damage to generation Considerable damage to genera- Extensive damage to generation plants, substation equipment, and tion plants, substation equipment, plants, substations, and buildings. buildings. No transformer damage. and buildings. Up to 10% of the Up to 20% of the generation plants Repairs completed in a few hours generation plants have critical have critical equipment damage. to days. Temporary outage period, equipment damage. Up to 25% Up to 50%of critical substation if any. of critical substation equipment is equipment is damaged. Relays damaged. Relays tripped in 50% tripped in 75% of the substa- of the substations. Up to 5% of tions. Up to 15% of the regional the regional power transformers power transformers are damaged are damaged and non-functional. and non-functional. A significant Many distribution circuits are dam- number of distribution circuits are aged, and a few transmission lines damaged and a large number of are non-functional. Up to 10% of transmission lines are non-func- the substation control buildings are tional. Up to 20% of the substation damaged and repairs are needed control buildings are damaged and to regain functionality. Restoring repairs are needed to regain func- power to meet 90% of demand tionality. Restoring power to meet may take weeks to months. 90% demand may take months to one year. 89 WASHINGTON : ELECTRIC POWER In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, Restoration timelines largely depend on the number Seattle,Tacoma, and cities within 100 miles of the of utility personnel and contractors available, and Pacific coastline may experience partial or complete upon road conditions. Emergency damage repairs to blackouts. Sixty-six percent of the electric facilities the transmission line system in western Washington in the I-5 corridor may suffer considerable damage may take weeks to months. In areas where collapsed to generation plants, and many distribution circuits bridges, landslides, and damaged roadways have and substations may fail, resulting in a loss of over degraded the transportation network, or where fuel half of the systems load capacity (see Table 21). shortages hamper the ability to send out sufficient Most electrical power assets on the coast may suffer repair teams, power restoration may be even slower. damage severe enough as to render the equipment Isolated areas of power outages east of the Cascades, and structures irreparable. Some isolated areas may where transportation networks are immediately experience outages even if the distribution systems functional, may be restored relatively quickly. The and substations in the area are undamaged. location of electric facilities is shown in Figures 57 and 58. Table 21. Distribution of damage states for Washington electric facilities, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 0% 60% 40% 1-5 corridor 0% 22% 66% 12% East 31% 69% 0% 0% Summary of No dam- Light damage to Considerable damage Extensive dam- damage age to dis- generation plants, to generation plants, age to generation description tribution substation equip- substation equipment, plants, substations, systems ment, and build- and buildings. Repairs and buildings. Re- and sub- ings. No transform- are needed to regain pairs are needed to stations. er damage. Repairs functionality. Restoring regain functionality. completed in a power to meet 90% Restoring power few hours to days. of demand may take to meet 90%of Temporary outage weeks to months. demand may take period, if any. months to one year. 90 i?1'0'p'1Y i:a'row Vancouver '•'. W I I A 'O M Island r COEUINGRAM i3 — _ - �' s Nk t" i 11"' �NAC•RTES F SKAWT N, 00 ---— r PORT ANGELES 01 • s401-11 Sit ington co .• � EVERETT • '// . I ' / 3 SEA"TTLt LL E 1+' j /� > y • 'r Legend Landslides 0 20 <o sohtr Modified Mercalli Intensity_(MMI� Areas Susceptible 0 20 4n 80 100 Km / County III or less Weak VI Strong Boundaries to Co seism+c Infrastructure ng Shaking Shaki ` Sliding `'N ESTER'S Native Highways Electric Facilities IV: Light VII Very Strong American Hignway • - 100 MW Shalang Shaking Reservation • 100-500 MW V. Moderate Vlil or more:. City Limits 401- Interstate 500 MW Shaking Severe Shaking Figure 57. Location of electrical facilities in Northern Washington tas'rrvw rzrovw - -�..:-� x t TT t7 A s /. xEAN SHORES- ABERDEEN PI ✓ 12 Ot f 11 tkr.S T i r N I / •. , • , ` ' ! , • .C / l t Y A(: BEACH 11� h1 f � T • r+ CO SKAMAN1A L- I Ct�. SEAS!DE '�t� S / I t.t,mR SA Y 47 26 o f � r � K1.ICx1'1'A ' 01 G(1, . t f t ARK I I i f AN�OVrER FFoaU _ti. M s/f • a� HIVF'R • WAti r Legend Landslides I 20 80F.ti Modified Mercalli Intensity(MM1) 0 20 40 c0 80 100 Km Areas Co-Susceptible ��� County III or less Weak VI Stron to ding smrc Infrastructure g ` I Boundaries Siidmg Shaking Shaking `'�ESTER. Native Highways Electric Facilities IV Light VII Very Strong Amencan • 100 MW Shaking Shaking RemneAmencahon Highway • 100- 500 MW V. Moderate Vill or rnore: i City Limata Inlersttate >500 MW Shaking Severe Shaking Ar Figure 58. Location of electrical facilities in Southern Washington OREGON : ELECTRIC POWER In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, cities Restoration timelines depend largely on the num- within 100 miles of the Pacific coastline may expe- ber of utility personnel and contractors available rience partial or complete blackout. Seventy percent and road conditions. Emergency damage repairs of the electric facilities in the I-5 corridor may suffer to the transmission line system in western Oregon considerable damage to generation plants, and may take weeks to months. In areas where collapsed many distribution circuits and substations may fail, bridges, landslides, and damaged roadways have resulting in a loss of over half of the systems load degraded the transportation network, or where fuel capacity (see Table 22). Most electrical power assets shortages hamper the ability to send out sufficient on the coast may suffer damage severe enough as repair teams, power restoration may be even slower. to render the equipment and structures irreparable. Isolated areas of power outages east of the Cascades, Some isolated areas may experience outages even if where transportation networks are immediately the distribution systems and substations in the area functional, may be restored relatively quickly. Fig- are undamaged. ures 59 and 60 show the location of electric facilities in Oregon. Table 22. Distribution of damage states for Oregon electric facilities, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 0% 39% 61% 1-5 corridor 0% 0% 30% 70% East 100% 0% 0% 0% Summary of No dam- Light damage to Considerable damage Extensive dam- damage age to dis- generation plants, to generation plants, age to generation description tribution substation equip- substation equipment, plants, substations, systems ment, and build- and buildings. Repairs and buildings. Re- and sub- ings. No transform- are needed to regain pairs are needed to stations. er damage. Repairs functionality. Restoring regain functionality. completed in a power to meet 90% Restoring power few hours to days. of demand may take to meet 90% of Temporary outage weeks to months. demand may take period, if any. months to one year. 93 '770Irw 120T ICIV, • - i VA COWLITZ 11 swas t ' / f Washington - ; O SKAMO • dr c a Ci). KLtCKIT C • rt0�i RK AL VER • ' )rlf r JMft7 ` 26 RIV* mri ! v tAooK �;,•. ` " -.' 1, • >. jt is _1 NttMAli CO �+JJJ�.A.`U111�. 4� �• _I • K MA5 • M t f Oregon NEWPORT - _ 11 e' • ' i PnFR5 rit.N CO C ctt �� • — / • / .s� �, uL'sctlu .L;s� •! G t;t of i til: • CU. EUGENE • ' ! W,'BENC Legend ° 20 40 �'4' N Landslides Modified Mercalli Intensity(MM11 A,eas Susceptible 0 20 40c0 1,0 100 Kra Counr/ to Co- ill or less.Weak VS Strong t Bou•�da n c Shcling ismtc g 1'V Infrastructure Shaking Shaking EST,ERI Native Highways Electric Facilities IV Light VSI Very Strong Arnwican • < 100 MW Shaking Shaking Reservation Hignway • 100-500 MW V. Moderate Vill or more: City Limits 401- Interstate 500 MW Shaking Severe Shaking c Figure 59. North Oregon electric facilities in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 122r W F�ORENCE • ` // \ 200 ram-i �0.1j �•� �� �• .. 1 ti PCCIflt1'NS "'�r„„ • 97 Co } coos - - Oregon &n / 9 cu 1rA . � y i • L-4 - l 01 �I ti<ry KLAMATIJ • � I 1ctr�lfj / E®FORD or • of f/ j • Landslides 0 4o 80Mi Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI1 Legend A,eas Susceptible 0 .0 40 60 80 100 Km County III or less Weak VI Strong Boundaries to Co seismic Infrastructure Shaking Shaking WESTERN `''VESTED Native Highways Electric Facilities IV:Light VII Very Strong American . < 100 MW Shaking Shaking Reservation Hignway • 100-500 MW V. Moderate Vlll or more. City Limits 4P- Interstate >500 MW Shaking Severe Shaking r Figure 60. South Oregon electric facilities in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential NATURAL GAS SYSTEMS Definition: The region's natural gas system consists of earthquake. Roughly three-quarters of natural gas compressor stations and buriedlelevated pipelines. facilities in the impacted area of Washington and Oregon may suffer medium to high damage, includ- The natural gas pipeline network is composed of ing substantial building, mechanical, and electrical one primary natural gas transmission pipeline—The equipment damage. Northwest Pipeline—that connects to a network of smaller distribution pipelines. In areas where there are a large number of breaks in the distribution network, local distribution compa- The Cascadia earthquake may damage portions of nies may have to shut down the entire local network over 500 miles of natural gas pipeline. Segments while repairs are made. The process may leave the of the Northwest Pipeline may be inoperable due majority of customers in western Washington and to numerous leaks and breaks along its route from western Oregon without service. Restoration time- the northern Washington border to southwestern lines for natural gas depend on location and road Oregon. conditions. Some inland areas may have services restored in days. In coastal areas, it may take weeks Natural gas facilities that maintain the flow of to months to restore services. these pipelines may also sustain damage from the 96 WASHINGTON : NATURAL GAS SYSTEMS The northern segment of the Northwest Pipeline As shown in Table 23, nearly all of the natural gas extends from the Canadian border, at Sumas, facilities serving these pipelines may suffer medium Washington, south to the Washougal Station at the to high damage, including damaged compressor sta- Columbia River Gorge. This segment of pipeline tion buildings and electrical equipment. As a result, may experience multiple breaks and leaks, resulting most impacted communities in western Washington in over 150 miles of damaged pipeline. may lose natural gas service. Figure 61 shows the location of natural gas facilities in Washington. Table 23. Distribution of damage states for Washington state natural gas facilities, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 0% 0% 100% 1-5 corridor 1% 4% 75% 20% East 100% 0% 0% 0% Summary of No Slight damage to Extensive damage to Compressor build- damage damage. compressor build- building, mechanical ing collapse or description ing• and electrical equip- imminent danger of ment. Damage may be collapse. irreparable. 97 Vancouver wit A rtva C,) Island BELLINGHAM ;4tdAC .. or p Sf1A617 - ' 1' PORT ;201 / i j ANGELES d OT � ' Ol �• _ SNnNp1119H ` ETT cQ l = CIITILAN r. t 'T HEL•E� $ J �.- . f Washingto P r /,", TA60M 11 T I T A CO h�w u nil Ot i OCEAN I -'ti �'/ �J 4W'MF1A UsoFtES AKRDEEN .4 4 y 1 YAKI. VAMIMA LONG - i r �' Mil�aOtM1A �97' J SEA..IDE ! 1 `r r SKAM ANiAle i 26r KLI rrA i VIER £ 1 PORTLA If li K� t MAs/; �_• sr ►fA�. Legend Landslides Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI) ~ Areas Susceptible County w CcSsls^rc III or less:Weak VI Strong Boundaries Sliding Shaking Shaking WbST'ER\ Highways Natural Gas City Limits I�' LightQ� Facilities and Light VII Very StrongHighway Native American Pipelines Shaking Shaking «,y1 Reservation ■f Interstate V Moderate Vill or more I '' ° s° ao u' Shaking Severe Shaking 0 20 so ee 80 Km Figure 61. Washington natural gas facilities and pipelines in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 98 OREGON : NATURAL GAS SYSTEMS The southern segment of the Northwest Pipeline damaged compressor station buildings and electrical serving Oregon, begins at the Washougal Station equipment (see Table 24). on the Columbia River Gorge and terminating in southwest Oregon. The earthquake may cause nu- The east-west pipeline connecting to the Northwest merous leaks and breaks along this route and other Pipeline in Portland may only suffer minor dam- segments of pipeline, possibly resulting in over 300 age. After repairs are made to distribution facilities, miles of inoperable natural gas pipeline segments. this pipeline may be used to resupply natural gas to Dozens of natural gas facilities serving these pipe- communities in Oregon. Figure 62 shows the loca- lines may suffer medium to high damage, including tion of natural gas facilities in Oregon. Table 24. Distribution of damage states for Oregon natural gas facilities, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 0% 0% 100% 1-5 corridor 0% 0% 30% 70% East 100% 0% 0% 0% Summary of No Slight damage to Extensive damage to Compressor build- damage damage. compressor build- building, mechanical ing collapse or description ing• and electrical equip- imminent danger of ment. Damage may be collapse. irreparable. 99 1;4 C"J'.V 1'; f -.4 li i'. • COWLIF, Washington 97 SEASICE�, � /�Y / j / `•RAUA4i.r O t .t:yr L AN K t ER "PORTL�IN�� ; Not71 t. Krv� wn�'ici t Qb!�l..rA.._. co. �� ►; .e J/ A r /f. ACK 4AS i �--• �� LINMSI QTY .. ` `' •' t '. r .. " A •AJti, l �� Wit b IJ E K Ni1APG�?i '"1 ..-- 4,. � UGENE ND I 20 s f 7 Oregon 20 3•"v U u u l F `t � Y[r.A Alit \` "IN r t i MEDFORD Legend Landslides Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI) Areas Susceptible County w Co-Scismx III or less weak VI Strong Boundaries ,,fl Shaking Shaking Highways Natural Gas �V t Sl Z R\ City Limits [�� Facilities and IV Light VII Very Strong Native American F Highway Pipelines Shaking Shaking Reservation ■W Interstate V Moderate Vill or more 0 20 .w av 90 Ia' Shaking Severe Shaking +I w o ^o Aa ea so Km Figure 62. Oregon natural gas facilities and pipelines in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 100 REFINED FUEL SYSTEMS Definition:Refined fuel systems consist of pipelines Columbia River and shipped by barge to inland and facilities, including refining centers,ports,pump Washington and Idaho. stations, terminals, and storage tanks. The Olympic pipeline network is serviced by sev- The region's five oil refineries are located along eral pump stations. These pump stations maintain the Puget Sound in northwest Washington. These the flow of refined fuel products from Washington refineries receive most of their crude oil feedstock by refineries to terminals along the 350-mile route to waterborne shipments from Alaska. Shipments are southern Oregon. Refined product terminals store also received by rail from the Bakken formation and and distribute refined product to meet local de- other foreign sources. The remaining crude oil is mand. transported by a trans-mountain pipeline that runs from the U.S. — Canada border to Mount Vernon, In the impacted area of Washington and Oregon, Washington. "Ibis pipeline supplies approximately over 400 miles of refined fuel pipeline may be inop- 10 percent of crude feedstock for northwest Wash- erable due to numerous breaks and leaks caused by ington refineries. the initial earthquake. In addition, segments of the crude oil pipeline running from Canada to Mount Refined fuel products (e.g., gasoline, diesel, aviation Vernon in northwest Washington may also be inop- fuel, etc.) produced at the five Washington refineries erable due to a number of breaks and leaks along the are distributed throughout the Pacific Northwest length of the pipeline. by ship, truck, and through the Olympic Pipeline. Ships carry refined product from terminals in the Many petroleum facilities, including refining cen- Seattle area to terminals in Portland and along the ters, ports, pump stations, terminals, and storage Columbia and Snake Rivers. The Olympic Pipe- tanks may suffer medium to high damage. A de- line network along the I-5 corridor from Ferndale, scription of this damage is listed in Table 25. Until Washington to Eugene, Oregon. Some refined major repairs are made, these facilities may not be product is taken from the pipeline system at the operational for several months. 101 REFINED FUEL SYSTEMS ( CONT. ) Table 25. Lists of refined fuel components and corresponding damage state description Damage state Infrastructure High components Medium 9 Refineries Malfunction of plant for a week or so Extensive damage to or failure of due to loss of power, with damage tanks, stacks or elevated pipes. to equipment or tanks. Refineries will not function until power is restored. Port - fuel Damage to tanks, pumping buildings, Damage to tanks, pumping buildings, facilities or loss of power, including backup or loss of power, including backup power, for at least a few days. power, for at least a few days. Pumping Considerable damage to mechanical Extensive damage to buildings or to stations and electrical equipment, or buildings pumps rendering them inoperable housing them until repaired. Terminals and Malfunction of tank farm for a week Complete failure of all elevated storage tanks or so due to loss of backup power, pipes, or collapse of tanks. extensive damage to various equip- ment, or considerable damage to tanks. Major ports along the petroleum supply chain may zone. Shortages in western Oregon may cause dis- suffer damage, including ports along Puget Sound ruptions as far east as Spokane,Washington. that feed refineries, and ports that receive refined products. The earthquake and tsunami may block Restoration times depend on the number of repair access to inland ports by modifying the Columbia crews available. Fuel distribution infrastructure may River navigation channel's shape. Other navigable be inoperable for weeks to months. After gas sta- waterways may be closed to river traffic in places tions run out of supplies, finding petroleum to oper- where oil products are contaminating waterways. ate vehicles, generators, air transportation, or other equipment may become increasingly difficult. The loss of waterborne transportation may disrupt petroleum distribution systems beyond the damage 102 WASHINGTON : REFINED FUELS Washington's oil refineries may suffer damages from All of the pump stations in Washington, the loca- the initial earthquake. A few refineries may mal- tion of which are shown in Figure 63, of may expe- function due to loss of electricity and backup power, rience damage to pumps or to the buildings housing or from damage to various equipment.Two may pumps and mechanical equipment. Of the dozen suffer damage severe enough to disrupt operations plus terminals in Washington located along the for months. Olympic Pipeline, nearly all may suffer damages, in- cluding heavily damaged tanks and broken elevated As shown in Table 20, over half of Washington's re- pipes. These terminals may be unable to receive and fined fuel system may suffer high damage. As much store petroleum from pipelines and ships. However, as 200 miles of pipeline segments, and as many as refined product may be trucked directly from the 50 facilities, may be damaged. The refined product refineries to local distributors, but such distribution pipeline running from northern Washington to the would be dependent on the viability of the road and Columbia River may suffer numerous breaks, espe- bridge network. cially in areas where the pipeline traverses liquefac- tion zones. These are predominately located in the state's extensive floodplains. Table 26. Distribution of damage states for Washington state refined fuels facilities, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal N/A N/A N/A N/A 1-5 corridor 0% 0% 44% 56% East N/A N/A N/A N/A Summary of No Loss of power re- Malfunction of refinery Extensive damage damage damage. sulting in malfunc- for a week or so due to refinery or failure description tion for less than to loss of power, with of tanks, stacks, three days. damage to equipment or elevated pipes. or tanks. Considerable Extensive damage damage to mechanical to buildings or to and electrical equip- pumps, rendering ment, or buildings them inoperable housing them. until repaired. 103 as ac-:: In•aaw Vancouver wttcn oy a Istand EL'LItVGWIM , `L NA SKAGIT L CU, t PORT i20j r } ANGELES S tr ON 0 Y IS H E ERETf c° r r� +.' 2 f.IiKLAN f BEL'L•E�VUE s FRE, Washingto i Nf �IH6 Vs �ffffff / , ) [TTITA C. -1 lHll `I!� /101 t � F'1A OcEmi t:LSI YAA IMA REACM Co �4 1 .. * r. SEASIDE '~ 4 K A N AN 1 A �..:'...., ..• .� =`-'� yb, /j,�/ f C6 -.. ...... i � 1 Ot r u /!IIF M 26 K1-1' t1'A o 7 regor1l _ UVER 1' /��! • I!I lY 11 9 PORTLAND _ Ntv11K� +. �l iu1M s f 15 W V{! r`uw+aocHc " Legend Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity tMMI] N Areas Susceptible County %/� 10 C0-So,Sr"4 Ili or less: Weak VI Strong Boundaries Shding Shaking Shaking ! Hiahways Petroleum % ESTt1(N' I City Limrts Hghway �" Facilties and IV Light VII Very Strong Nature American Pipelines Shaking Shafting Reservation &Ow Interstate V Moderate VIII or more. RV9 IF-Pr ° 10 ao eo 00 1,1 Shaking Severe Shaking 0 zo an M ao Km Figure 63. Washington refined fuel facilities and pipelines in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 104 OREGON : REFINED FUELS Almost all of Oregon's refined fuel products are location of Oregon petroleum facilities are shown in supplied by refineries in the Puget Sound region Figure 64. of Oregon. Refined fuel passes through Oregon's Critical Energy Infrastructure (CEI) hub outside of As shown in Table 27, over half of Oregon's refined Portland. The CEI hub receives refined fuels, either fuel systems may suffer high damage. Aside from the by pipeline or by ship, before the product is dis- loss of supplies from pipeline and ship, Oregon may tributed throughout Oregon. The refined product be unable to store and distribute fuels locally, due to pipeline system serving the CEI may suffer damage, the loss of refined fuel terminals. As a result, western with numerous breaks and leaks along its extent, Oregon may experience significant shortages in fuel which may result in total loss of refined fuels supply supplies. With the CEI out of commission, petro- from the Olympic Pipeline. Moreover, ships may leum distribution systems may not be functional be unable to deliver refined fuels due to the closure until major repairs are made. of the Columbia River navigation channel. The Table 27. Distribution of damage states for Oregon refined fuels facilities, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 0% 0% 100% 1-5 corridor 0% 0% 44% 56% East N/A N/A N/A N/A Summary of No Loss of power re- Considerable damage Extensive damage damage damage. sulting in malfunc- to mechanical and to buildings or to description tion for less than electrical equipment, or pumps rendering three days. building housing them. them inoperable until repaired. 105 124 Washington kx 01 ER 01 GENE ND 61 11 le, DFOR Legend Landslides Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI) �� Areas Susceptible County III or Iess�Weak VI Strong Boundaries to co-sotsmic City Limits Hichways Facilties and IV Light VII Very Stiong A Natr,fe American Highway Pipelines Shaking Shaking 7io Shaking Severe Shaking 0*111,11111111� Figure 64. Oregon refined fuel facilities and pipelines in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential CRITICAL PUBLIC SAFETY FACILITIES Definition: Critical Public Safety Facilities are those _ structures necessary for emergency response to, and recovery from, a disaster. These facilities include Emergency Operation Centers, 9-1-1 dispatch cen- ters, fire stations, and police stations. _ In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, po- lice, fire, and other emergency personnel will begin ' their response to an event of massive scale. Yet, nearly half of all police, fire, and ambulance facilities i in the impact area of Washington and Oregon may suffer moderate or greater damage, compromising Figure 65. EOCs will activate following the response capabilities. earthquake, but challenges in maintaining staffing coupled with facility damages may hinder operational On the coast, most of the critical public safety coordination. Photo: Unknown. facilities and the vehicles housed at the facilities, may suffer high damage from the violent shaking. Those facilities on the coastal plain that survive the Disruptions in communications may be a wide- earthquake may be inundated by tsunami waves spread problem throughout emergency response moments later. The loss of these critical facilities' operations. Local-emergency response facilities may services may put pressure on critical facilities in be overwhelmed by the high volume of emergency surrounding communities, further complicating calls, causing cellular and 9-1-1 phone systems to response operational coordination. crash. Widespread damage to roadways and bridges may limit access to many critical facilities along the Damaged facilities may lose access to basic ser- coast. Emergency-response personnel may struggle vices, such as power, water, and sewer (though to access those injured in the event and may even most facilities have emergency back-up power). A have trouble reporting to work. Some critical facil- description of damage states in terms of building ities may need to run on backup generators due to damage and functionality, is provided in Table 28. electric power outages. 107 CRITICAL PUBLIC SAFETY FACILITIES (C0NT. ) Table 28. Description of critical facility building damage for each damage state Damage state Low Medium High Building damage Visible cracks in walls Large cracks in walls, Building shifted off of description and windows. columns and partial foundation, collapsed ceiling collapse, loss of or in imminent danger power and utilities. of collapse. Functionality Facility is structurally Facility is damaged Facility is not accessi- sound and able to and may need repair ble. be occupied, though before full occupation damage to interior is possible. contents may make immediate use more difficult. 108 EMERGENCY OPERATION CENTERS As emergency operation centers activate across the battery life fades and fuel shortages occur, key EOCs region, the capabilities of state, tribal, and lo- may experience failure of some backup supporting cal Emergency Operation/Coordination Centers and communications systems. Emergency-response (EOC/ECCs) to provide situational awareness may personnel may have to develop alternative ways to be limited due to power outages and disruptions in distribute public messages directing survivors to communications across the region. Some EOCs may their support areas. need to run on backup generators. Over time, as PUBLIC SAFETY ANSWERING POINTS ( PSAPS) Washington and Oregon have a network of Public er"stations are impaired, or the PSAP communication Safety Answering Point(PSAP)facilities that operate infrastructure is overloaded, damaged or otherwise as 9-1-1 call centers and are sometimes co-located compromised, critical gaps in this public safety re- with county or municipal EOCs. PSAPs receive noti- source will be created. Not only will PSAPs be unable fications and calls for service from the public, dis- to communicate with citizens and field units, but patch (via radio and/or computer)the needed public emergency response personnel will not be able to safety field units (police, fire, etc.), and respond to communicate with one another. Disruption in PSAP requests from the public safety field units themselves. service would create a situation of extreme danger to Residents also frequently utilize the PSAP system to the public, law enforcement and firefighting person- report power outages, natural gas leaks, water main nel, and other first responders. Additionally, PSAPs breaks, etc.; the information is then relayed to the that remain structurally intact after a CSZ earthquake appropriate utility. may experience limited operations, if staff members cannot reach the facility because of transportation If after a CSZ earthquake event, cell towers are ren- system damage. dered inoperable, telephone lines are down, "repeat- 109 FIRE STATIONS Numerous fires may ignite from downed electric lines and broken natural gas pipelines caused by the earthquake. Fire stations across the region may experience high emergency incident volumes but the disruptions in communications may make it challenging to estimate the scope and severity of the situation. Estimates indicate that roughly 40 percent of fire service facilities may suffer medium to high structural building damage from the initial CSZ earthquake. Many of these facilities may need repair before they can be occupied. Additionally, damage to water supply pipelines, Figure 66. Liquefaction from the 2011 M6.3 earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand trapped a fire engine in silt. plants, and pumps, may render most fire hydrants Unnavigable road conditions could hinder emergency useless. This combination of direct damage to fire response efforts throughout Washington and Oregon. facilities and potential water shortages, combined with limited road access and disruptions in emer- gency communications systems, may significantly compromise the ability of local fire departments to respond. Firefighters may have to draft water from lakes, rivers, and reserves to fight fires in urban and suburban areas, or rely on tankers to move water. 110 WASHINGTON : FIRE STATIONS The majority of fire stations in the I-5 corridor may may not be accessible for an extended period of sustain only low structural damage from the initial time. Their locations are shown in Figures 67-69. earthquake.Jammed overhead doors and other non- Facilities in the tsunami inundation zone that sur- structural damage may impede immediate access to vive the earthquake could potentially be destroyed fire trucks and equipment. With minor repair, these by incoming waves. Nearly half of the fire stations facilities may be usable shortly after the earthquake. serving Grays Harbor County may be inundated by tsunami waters. As shown in Table 29, 58 percent of fire facilities in the coastal corridor may suffer high damage, and Table 29. Distribution of damage states for Washington fire stations, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 12% 30% 58% 1-5 corridor 18% 53% 7% 22% East 100% 0% 00/0 0% Summary of Facility is Facility is structur- Facility is damaged and Facility is not acces- damage fully func- ally sound and able may need repair before sible. description tional. to be occupied, full occupation. though damage to interior contents may make imme- diate use more difficult. 111 ,H o ow iazwnw Vancouver � + MIA COM Island A r^Y BELLINGHAM , e 4 i A TES A A , . SKAGIT h a A co. * .alall f r ,♦ ♦._ • +PORT ANGELiES A" �4+i a s , • iaa• • a """ Ir Aft S OH SH „� }`Q� Ot ♦ iz a 20 a� a A f CO �+ 10, ♦ CItFLAN N i>,/� / �• ♦ y 4 1 a L a • •♦ a a ✓ r�. • a ". ' rt '�a ♦ SEANTLE ♦"" a k �/ ✓' � • BE.L`EVUE A i �RYMr�r i I N<: CO �` A .Y A AA Legend Landslides 0 20 40 60M1 Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMi) Areas Susceptible 0 20 4D EO 80 100 Km county III or less.Weak VI:Strong Boundaries ttoi'co-eismic Infrastructure Shaking Shaking WESTERNSding Native Highways IV Light VII Very Strong Reservation Hignway L, Fire Stations Shaking Shaking w� Reservafion '— V ModeShaking ate Se er more: City Limits ai� Interstate Shaking Severe Shaking r Figure 67. North Washington fire stations in relation to shaking intensity ,m rr^w r�vnw f// • • • 41 / a ♦♦ • • • •Ot A • Z ♦ • y TACo!dA a.♦ • a _ ♦ A Ct • ♦ ♦ KITTITAS ♦ ♦ a --.*�My •"AA AAA A '♦��FF } C(t. SHORES- ABERDEEN • }' a j J . 1 l ! r 12 of t . n A i"tid M j ♦ ♦ al IS �' At �•fi�,.. i . It C f BEACH � tlt COWLITZ '; A a �Fj ccf, I s,KAMANln i'� a Air r.� _ice ♦ r o. �� SEASME A r" i i f • /! AS t 11^r,t, I N • ER A A t Legend Landslides 0 20 4 0 60MU Modified Mercalli Intensity{MM11 Areas Susceptible g a0 EO 80 100 Km County to Co-seismic III or less Weak Vt Strong t T Boundaries Infrastructure Shaking Shaking `'YESTE�i Sliding ......... .. ., , Native Highways IV Light V!I Very Strong American Shaking Shaking Remrmt:on Highway p Fire Stations V. Modak,ng Se ate r more: City Limits Interstate Shaking Severe Shaking i Figure 68. South Washington fire stations in relation to shaking intensity 01 f!' t ♦EVEREiT +� f + It 4.� ♦ �,,� • ♦♦ ♦ ♦ 2 r ' • of `jj f y �r• _ _.l T i / / ' • • • ♦ a ♦ SEAT►TLE - " 7 : . . A BEt'EWE ♦ A • •• 7 I ♦ h IN t i •.�— 1 f J • • A °7A A • Rt I. ♦' i AA rj ,j 'f t • AGCktA ♦ A • ♦A _� _ • �- r . _ • ♦ C't a ♦ L, ♦ A ♦ • a + • ♦ J. Off ♦ j ♦ ♦ Legend landslides Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity IMMII Colin Areas Susceptible II ', r 10 co-Sofs,4 I or less Weak VI.Str�9 ` Boundaries swing Shaking Shaking Hirahways City Limits Fire Stations IV Light VII Very Strong 9 WESTERN Highway Native American Shaking Shaking Reservation &W Interstate V Moderate Vill or more <o M, Shaking Severe Shaking jr , Km Figure 69. Seattle-Tacoma metro region fire stations in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 114 OREGON : FIRE STATIONS The majority of fire stations in the I-5 corridor As shown in Table 30, 85 percent of fire facilities in may suffer high structural damage from the initial the coastal corridor may suffer high damage from earthquake. Some fire stations around Portland may the initial earthquake and may not be accessible for still be functional immediately after the earthquake. an extended period of time. Some of the facilities However,jammed overhead doors and other non- within the inundation zone that survive the earth- structural damage may impede immediate access to quake could potentially be destroyed by incoming fire trucks and equipment waves. The location of fire stations in Oregon is shown in Figures 70-72. Table 30. Distribution of damage states for Oregon fire stations, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 5% 15% 85% 1-5 corridor 17% 28% 1% 54% East 100% 0% 0% 0% Summary of Facility is Facility is structur- Facility is damaged and Facility is not acces- damage fully func- ally sound and able may need repair before sible. description tional. to be occupied, full occupation. though damage to interior contents may make imme- diate use more difficult. 115 A A- a * - war♦_\ y •y c 0. A • Washington ; • - SEASIDE �/ � � � r ..__. ..; _. ... rp._. J n •• 4 j � �-• r Rt.t�K IT�r1 �� r` ` • c d.K• A ♦ • x �P+T / —is �• VAOCIVER i • !7 1 r•r� d Y` P \ RIVE ` S N t1tM A Sv MOOK C f+ AC MAS A ci;• ♦ i w �M• ,`► L I u r — • • a • 1�.'t{frl.K I. Ct1 �. ♦ • • •� r< ( • 1 • A. of 4_ � �� C(J. ` `9?' • - .._ • • • • •3END Legend 0 30 6° 8.0FA Landslides Modified Mercalli Intensity{MMi� Areas Susceptible 0 20 ao F° �Q 1UCKr- County to III or less Weak VI Strong l� Bowidaries Sliding sin+c Infrastructure Shaking Shaking t I ES-TERN Native Highways IV Light Vil Very Strong Arrisricen Hignway Shaking Shaking Fire Stations Reservation :, V. rate or more: (� City Limits e>� Interstata Shakingakmg Severe Shaking Figure 70. North Oregon fire stations in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 124 7L.R 17rtru•1N FLORENCE t Ot � / ! +20. t• ' 1 �SCtlt)"CN'S ♦ i7 Gt? A Oregon i01'� ♦ . A, • a / ♦ f3lSl�G . I I.AKV I • • �J r !� t X 01 MEDFORD • t Legend zu 40 F��>�� N Landslides Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMt1 Areas Susceptible 0 20 40 60 8C 1,W Km County to Go•sersm+c III or less.Weak Vi Strong ��FAT BoundariesSliding Infrastructure Shaking Shaking Y Native Highways IV Light VII Very Strong Rese vat Hignwsy yj Fire Stations Shabng Shaking Reservat,on V Moderate V11I or more: (. City Limos 4p- Interstate Shaking Severe Shaking i Figure 71. South Oregon fire stations in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential C01.(rNTFtirjf L- tA • Washington • • • w �;1.�11:h Co, 6 A ►mot a .: . -'�` 'i• A •Iti ♦ A a.�. . . APORT4, D . . . `� r ~�— • ♦ ~ • . aLJ A a ♦ ♦ d. iA ♦ ♦ A. ♦ • f w • • • Y h 111A. w / ,rC�1.A C K�4 'f AS ? if "Oregon 22 M. w A �. • Legend Landslides Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity IMMI) County , Areas Susceptible w Co-SO.". c III or less Weak VI: Strong ti Boundaries '`'' Siii,nfl Shaking Shaking +.:!� Highways E�'E'STERN City Limits Q Highway Fire Stations IV Light VII Very Strang Native American Shaking Shaking Reservation o0a; Interstate V Moderate VIII or more 2D r.r, Shaking Severe Shaking Ya Km Figure 72. Portland metro region fire stations in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 118 POLICE STATIONS , SUPPORTING INFRASTRUCTURE , LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CORRECTIONS PERSONNEL There are over 400 police facilities in the impact- Beyond the obvious concerns precipitated by the ed area of Washington and Oregon. Roughly half damage to infrastructure as noted above, it is critical may suffer medium to high damage from the initial to point out that many law enforcement and cor- earthquake. The added impacts of power outages, rections personnel may themselves be unable to degraded transportation networks, loss of traditional report for duty. Contemporaneously, there may be dispatch, phone and email communication, restrict- an exponential increase in the demand for police ed ability to fuel and maintain vehicles, etc. will resources due to the catastrophic nature of a CSZ diminish the police force's ability to provide traffic event; even more police or corrections resources may and crowd control, prevent crime, arrest violators, be required if it is necessary to relocate inmates from and protect survivors. Additionally, three quarters damaged jail or prison facilities. of all correctional facilities may sustain medium to high damage, thus limiting the ability for law enforcement to lodge arrestees. 119 WASHINGTON : LAW ENFORCEMENT Most of the police stations serving communities in The ability of state, local, and tribal law enforce- the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area may suffer ment agencies to maintain public order for the minimal damage. As shown in Table 31, over half affected areas, as well as the ability of corrections of the police stations in Washington's I-5 corridor officers to maintain jail and prison facilities, may may suffer no to low damage and may be immedi- be limited during response operations. Power ately functional at a somewhat reduced level. Police outages, loss of standard communications services, stations located south of Olympia and throughout poor transportation access, and personnel shortages the coastal region may suffer higher levels of dam- may further diminish response capabilities. The age and may be inaccessible until repairs are made. location of police stations in Washington, in rela- Some of police stations in the tsunami inundation tion to earthquake shaking intensity, is provided in zone that survive the earthquake may potentially be Figures 73-75. destroyed by incoming waves. Table 31. Distribution of damage states for Washington state police stations, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 5% 38% 57% 1-5 corridor 8% 49% b% 37% East 100% 0% 0% 0% Summary of Facility is Facility is structur- Facility is damaged and Facility is not acces- damage fully func- ally sound and able may need repair before sible. description tional. to be occupied, full occupation. though damage to interior contents may make imme- diate use more difficult. 120 S w f Vancouver Island �� � ' {� +�!!A t 1I M :' t Tt d° E 114GHT .. NACORiES / t y,y �j yt SKAWT a J! Y 1 ,PORT ANGELES 0 f s oco sl, ingt©n VERETT ' � r 2 I:!`t7Alk of � x r SEA�LE SELL 41 �R ■ ' . �..I Yt: CO Jr r KI7'T TAS CO 01 \ / Legend Landslides i 00 �ra, Modified Mercalli Intensity{MMI N Areas Susceptible 0 20 40 50 90 1W Km County 111 or less.Weak Vl.Strong Sll�oAsersm+c Infrastructure Boundaries Shaking Shaking l�`1 EtiTEtI� Native Highways IV:Light VII Very Strong American Shaking Shaking Resetvst,an Hlgnway ❑ PDIIC£ _ Stations V. Moderate Se r more. City L,mts .�. Shaking Shang Severe Shaking 4 Figure 73. North Washington police stations in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential -.v 122"OV NV " •7;. K[TTI'fi.hs -, pYt`PIA OCEAN; - PI } SHORES .BERD'j C 411 12 � 17 01 } 1 17N;4'I't+y '✓/ ton cLON ! BEACH _a 0 cawl.tr7 r r.r> { 5KAMANIA i SEAS!OE~ �. ! / ti 26Pill" o } KLICKITA 01 ARK M r I 0. // WASttt WN 0 LIl+ER ' IfIVIY.rH Ci)i I - Legend Landslides y,,o 20 40 so N Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMII 0 20 z ti0 80 100 Km Areas Susceptible f County to Co-seismic III or less Weak VI Strong [ l` Boundaries Stidin Infrastructure Shaking Shaking `VFW TER Native Highways IV Light VII Very Strong American Polioe Shaking Shaking Reseroahon Highway Stations V Moderate VIII or more: City Lirrrts -w Interstate Shaking Severe Shaking 4 Figure 74. South Washington police stations in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential / Utt 11" r //I / SEATTLE ,� :BELLEWE KI I SAP �• � j/x � �� t t i KINta r t., Ad 1 ti(t N) E•lit F: f Ci !'x 01 i Legend Landslides Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity JMMll Areas Susceptible County to CQ,s*4nK III or less:Weak VI Strong Boundaries wing Shaking Shaking Highwa s WESTtuN City Limits Highway IV Light VII Very Strong �9 y ❑ Police stations Shaking Shaking Native American Reservation fw Interstate V Moderate Vill or m<xe 0 20 M! Shaking Severe Shaking 0 wn Figure 75. Seattle-Tacoma metro region police stations in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 123 OREGON : LAW ENFORCEMENT In the aftermath of the earthquake, only a couple affected areas, as well as the ability of corrections dozen police stations in Oregon's population centers officers to maintain jail and prison facilities, may may suffer minor structural damage and may be be limited during response operations. Power immediately functional at a somewhat reduced level. outages, loss of standard communications services, As shown in Table 32, 55 percent of police stations poor transportation access, and personnel shortages in the 1-5 corridor and ninety-four percent in the may further diminish response capabilities. The coastal region may suffer high damage and may be location of Oregon police stations, in relation to inaccessible until repairs are made. shaking intensity is provided in Figures 76-78. The ability of state, local, and tribal law enforce- ment agencies to maintain public order for the Table 32. Distribution of damage states for Oregon police stations, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 0% 6% 94% 1-5 corridor 13% 27% 2% 58% East 100% 0% 0% 0% Summary of Facility is Facility is structur- Facility is damaged and Facility is not acces- damage fully func- ally sound and able may need repair before sible. description tional. to be occupied, full occupation. though damage to interior contents may make imme- diate use more difficult. 124 V4 cr-.e •r 0 TwOtt )� j �, `, Yalunu►hra= W L I T Z C o Row.~sEA�or; �., .i f �� Washington -�� ��••"" tiKAMANIA Ct? w KLICKIT.Yr is K K VER j t �N+ s zs R' , 1110011, I sH, MniV^` P WASHI CO. RIVE ve TILLAMOC, N()MAIf CO _ j �/ C 4`1 i t AC MAS 4 t 1 + W)vs UHCOLH C:3Y j ! EM Oregon . -- �`" } NE`JvPORT1026 _ irrf <r f i 1147{ r,h1 CU, Y GEN E ENQ_ M; Leizend Landslides 2° '° �'4' Modified Mercalli Intensity(MM11 Areas Susceptible 0 E0 40 cO EO 100 Km / County III or less Weak VI Strong 1� Boundaries SIddingseismic Infrastructure Shaking Shaking f 11 ESTE'!t.'� Native Highways IV Light VII Very Strong American Shaking Shaking Reservation Hignway ❑ Police Stations V Moderate Vill or more: WWI ir Cay L,rrrts Jw- Interstata Shaking Severe Shaking Figure 76. North Oregon police stations in relation to shaking intensity and landslide 114'TM 1221"w FLORENCE 01 '� I ; RCClltll'1?� - 117 co ib r -•r CAS , Oregon 5 i 101'� r c t.nl:F•: •r:. 42 i N �� ---- C^ 01 J, -K 'oN KLAtdAT11 • ) C;U. MEDFORD Le,gend 20 40 w""` Landslides f>nodified_Mercalli Intensity(MMq Areas Susceptible 0 20 4� 6o 80 100 K'+ County III or less.Weak VI.Strong Boundenes to o--selsm+c Infrastructure Shaking Shaking WESTERN Sficling Native Highways IV Light VII Very Strong American Hignway Police Shaking Shaking Reservation Stations V Moderate VIII or more: City Limts a4pla. Interstate Shak+rig Severe Shaking Figure 77. South Oregon police stations in relation to shaking intensity and landslide coLU Mrs 1 � � 3 ' Washington _ C:I,AKK CO. R:29 ,PORTLAND f '� {/A/" l I XX yyyrrr AS f` Oregon i - _r 1 MARll� 1 � _ -- `22` M Legend Indelldea Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI) ~ Areas Susceptible County f w Co-Sonm� III or less:Weak VI: StrongJi` Boundaries Swing Shaking Shaking W)E CTk R Hi�yLhway s City Limits IV Light VII Very Strong Nagle American Heghway Police Stations Shaking Shaking ` Reservation x0w Interstate V Moderate VIII at more ° `D�'° Shaking Severe Shaking o is K. Figure 78. Portland metropolitan region police stations in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 127 HOSPITALS In the hours and days after the initial event, tens of thousands of survivors will flood hospitals seeking treatment for minor cuts, broken bones, and other injuries, including life-threatening trauma injuries. At the same time, the majority of hospitals may suf- fer medium to high damage, resulting in the loss of ' hundreds of regular and critical beds needed to treat the influx of injured survivors. Structural damage may vary depending on the building type, age of construction, and building location. The greatest amount of structural damage Figure 80. In the 1994 Northridge earthquake high damage may be along the coast, where the shaking is most to hospitals and medical facilities limited medical response intense. However, widespread nonstructural damage to injured survivors and patients with on-going medical may have an equal or greater impact on hospitals' needs. Photo: M. Celebi, USGS. ability to function. Broken pipes and ducts, dis- lodged equipment, fallen ceilings, elevator counter- weight damage, and water damage from sprinkler In addition to structural and nonstructural damage, systems can force structurally sound hospitals to some hospitals may have to contend with the loss shut down. of essential utilities such as power, water, sewer, and medical supplies. In coastal areas, ground transportation damage may 4 prevent survivors from reaching clinics and hospi- tals. It may also make it challenging for essential medical personnel—doctors, specialists, and nurses to report to work. - . Because of these damages and associated challenges, i. as many as 24,000 hospital patients may require evacuation from the impacted areas of Washington and Oregon. Hospitals in large urban areas and communities east Figure 79.A hospital in Sylmar, California only suffered of the coastal mountains may be heavily affected by minor structural damage from the 1994 Northridge a surge of injured and dying survivors. For hospitals earthquake. However, a broken sprinkler pipe caused water within 250 miles of the highly impacted coastal damaged to the hospital. This type of damage can force Zones, this surge may be so great as to overwhelm hospitals to temporally shut down.At another facility, a damaged water tank on the roof leakd up to two feet of their capacity for regular inpatient care. As a result, water at some locations. Photo: FEMA. as many as 20 hospitals on the coast and 100 in the I-5 corridor may require augmentation. 128 WASHINGTON : HOSPITALS In Washington, over one-quarter of hospitals may many as 500 hospital patients. Other coastal hos- suffer structural and nonstructural damage severe pitals may be forced to operate at limited capacity. enough as to require the evacuation of patients (see However, ground transportation damage may Table 33). Several of these hospitals may collapse make it difficult or even impossible for survivors to or may be in imminent danger of collapse. On the reach functioning hospitals. high range of estimates, as many as 15,000 hospital patients may require evacuation from these hospi- Roughly 40 percent of the hospitals in Washington tals. may only suffer minor damage and remain oper- ational. These hospitals may be capable of caring Most of the hospital evacuation needs will likely be for their own patients. However, the increased in the I-5 corridor, where as many as 10,000 pa- demand for medical treatment coupled with the tients may need to be relocated to other hospitals loss of capacity from other damaged hospitals may outside of the impacted region. At the same time, overwhelm their capacity for regular patient care. roughly one-quarter of hospitals in the 1-5 corridor Dozens of hospitals may require augmentation. may suffer damage significant enough to force the The location of Washington hospitals, in relation hospital to operate at limited capacity. to shaking intensity, is provided in Figures 81-83. In coastal areas, close to half of the hospitals may suffer high damage, requiring the evacuation of as Table 33. Distribution of damage states for Washington hospitals, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 7% 43% 50% 1-5 corridor 7% 42% 28% 24% East 100% 0% 0% 0% Summary of Hospital is Hospital is structur- Hospital is extensively Hospital is severe- damage fully func- ally sound and able damaged and operat- ly damaged. Full description tional. to be occupied, ing at limited capacity. evacuation may be though damage to Partial evacuation may required. interior contents be required. may make imme- diate use more difficult. 129 ,trtrotiv ,carom, Vancouver II A c O M R R! M Ae w.�wSn BELII NGH., Cr) Island �" c AM t f mot-.. r r r NACORTES / SKAC;IT rt� } .b 0 tiU. TANG f ` LES �1 ;lVAP# j f r 071 �t.Y1r11� 01 `^^ �0 ,.,_� y 1r;.4 SNOH SIt ngtQn VERETT / i CltfiLA14 W ' / r _ r 2 Cd. / ' �j• q P SEATTLE� �f ELL E NG CO FOR LU NfN1YMM1 .+"`� y t 11;1,'•r k / K TAN CO ITT 00 Legend �° `° �°' N Landslides Modified Mercalli Intensity{MMII A,eas Susceptible 0 20 4D 6° 80 !V.)Km / County III or less 'Ateak VI Strong Boundaries S ding sm�c Infrastructure Shaking Shaking VVESTER\ Native Highways IV Light Vll Very Strong 1 American Shaking Shaking Reservation Highway p Hospitals V ate or more: wirw ' City L,mits .�. Interstate Shakmg alung Se Severe Shaking Figure 81. Location of hospitals in Northern Washington in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 174'71 "* 177"OV W rot ` . / /r,tAs cr oil ' M r,.•�jt ,Scl: , I f rv + Kr'rTITAS .-. X AN 1 f :HORES ABEROEEN ! (:R `rr ty .44 c LONG BEACH r ✓ r'" '' LO r �hA Al.ANIA to SFAc..0E,51y' 17 26 a ° KIACKITA" AKK 01 1 i' CA, 1, ti f _ © ; ! wAS ill I t,VOIN Ol71YER i Elf)UU 1. - � .,i�i1f 2�•; R WAS b.. i Legend CO 80Mi N Landslides Modified Mercalli Intensity{MM11 Areas Susceptible 0 20 40 60 80 100 Km County to Co-seismic Ill or less Weak V; Strong ,'*/S�E Boundaries Siding Infrastructure Shaking Shaking '�I Native Highways IV Light Vii Very Strong Amencan Shaking Shaking Reservation Highway p Hospitals V Moderate r o City Lim � Se mre: ts ■ interstate Shaking Severe Shaking Figure 82. Location of hospitals in Southern Washington in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential ,rJmrw �f 01 RETT C i of f , _ � _ �• � 1 � k .. t I f I • SEATTLE _ ;eEi.LEvuE KI c t, �. 01 F{` KING 4/1 ; •. i f• 'IFI�t Legend Landslides Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMII N Areas SUSCeptrble County III cr less:Weak VI. Strong ,a Ca sc+s^r:c n9 Boundanes 5 d,nfl Shaking Shaking Wt_ST>RN I City LimitsLimits IV Light VII Very Strong Highway © Hospitals Nature American Shaking Shaking Reservation m0s Interstate V Moderate VIII or more 3 `0 r1' Shaking Severe Shaking zo Kin t Figure 83. Seattle-Tacoma metro region hospitals in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 132 OREGON : HOSPITALS In Oregon, over half of the hospitals in the impact- the evacuation of as many as 600 hospital patients. ed area may suffer structural damage severe enough Due to ground transportation damage, these to require immediate evacuation. Some of these hos- patients may need to be evacuated via water or air pitals may collapse or may be in imminent danger transport. of collapse. On the high range of estimates, as many as 9,000 hospital patients may require evacuation A few hospitals may suffer only minor damage and from these hospitals. remain operational. These hospitals may be capa- ble of caring for their own patients. However, the Most of the hospital evacuation need is in the I-5 increased demand for medical treatment coupled corridor where as many as 7,000 patients may need with the loss of capacity from other damaged to be relocated to other hospitals. At the same time, hospitals may overwhelm their capacity for regu- roughly half of hospitals in the I-5 corridor may suf- lar patient care. Dozens of hospitals may require fer damage significant enough to force the hospital augmentation. Figures 84-86 plots the location of to operate at limited capacity. hospitals in Oregon. As shown in Table 34, 96 percent of hospitals in the coastal corridor may suffer high damage, requiring Table 34. Distribution of damage states for Oregon hospitals, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 0% 4% 96% 1-5 corridor 13% 27% 2% 58% East 100% 0% 0% 0% Summary of Hospital is Hospital is structur- Hospital is extensively Hospital is severe- damage fully func- ally sound and able damaged and operat- ly damaged. Full description tional. to be occupied, ing at limited capacity. evacuation may be though damage to Partial evacuation may required. interior contents be required. may make imme- diate use more difficult. 133 177'CC'N 1?2"{PQ1N 1:13 43 000WL �,,"Washington �>> r SKAMA,NIA ...w_ Cd. " I K►ACKI7 _ at i R K i EIR 26 11001) R 1 V f i 5 N 1s 11<M ti f� 7"'V'100K T'Nt1MA1I CO 1 . . - ... . 01 ,J� `/ �w C f� �. /fJ,L A C M A S _ r f , C t)� ti EM Oregon 26 I=rr..n `�-� wa } NEYvPDRT C cs ►'I SCIIU S CC ()K UGE NE ' ty+l�S_ENO Legend Landslides 0 20 40 60 8.OMI Modified Mercalli intensity(MMII N A!eas Susceptible 0 20 40 ea 80 100 Km County to Co.seismic III or less.Weak VI Strong `fi Boundanes Siding Infrastructure Shaktng Shaking WESTERN Native Highways IV Light VII Very Strong ~ American Shaking Shaking Reservation Hig.way p Hospitals V Modeak(ng Se ate r more: CCity L,mts � Inlecstate Shakrng Severe Shaking Figure 84. North Oregon hospitals in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential ua ww trrouw HOW, a c0 r i Oregon RA, Go co. % [ i LAKF: 'u � 1 Oi • a J, =KtiON KI.AMAIJI I CO, t t 1; 3 t .4 I EDFORD � I 1 1 !7 Le,gend Landslides I 20 ao EMI Modified Mercalli Intensity(MM11 Areas Susceptible 0 20 40 60 00 100 Km County III or less.Weak VI Strong to Go-seismic Infrastructure WE-STERNBoundaries Stidmg Shaking Shaking Native Highways IV, Light VII Very Strong Americar Highway Shaking Shaking Reservation © Hospitals V ModeShaking Se to r more. City L� ts at� Interstate Shaking Severe Shaking Figure 85. South Oregon hospitals in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential CO1.tTAlfsl,� co. LL Washington j C1.AkK C U. ti I /INCOUV R w n;S I I I N -r r J�.ACK'A' AS i ' Oregon MYAR10 (II.K c- 22 _Legend Landslides Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI) N Areas Susceptible County 10 co so,sr+c III or less:bVeak VI:Strong Boundaries Shdiny Shaking Shaking r ��ESTER\ City Lima Hiahwayss Highway In Hospitals IV Light VII Very Strong Native American Shaking Shaking Reservation son Interstate V Moderate Se or more Se . a ro r.,t, Shaking Severe Shaking Km � Figure 86. Portland metro region hospitals in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 136 SCHOOLS The impacted area of Washington and Oregon Vat µ' contains over 5,000 schools and shelters listed in the National Shelter System (NSS) database. School types include: public and private K-12, college or —i university, and professional trade school. Following the earthquake and tsunami, many schools of these �� may be needed by local communities to serve as tri- age centers, distribution points for emergency sup- ,.. plies, and emergency shelters, especially those that have the capacity to hold a large number of people. However, many schools may not be immediately functional after the earthquake. Roughly two-thirds of the schools in the impacted area may suffer me- dium to high damage, rendering them immediately Figure 88. The 2010 Baja California M7.2 earthquake unavailable for sheltering.Table 35 provides de- caused extensive damage to Jefferson Elementary School in Calexico, California,such that the school was closed for scriptions of each damage state for school buidlings. the remainder of the semester. Interior damage and fallen Schools and campuses with the greatest level of items could injure or kill students and faculty. Photo:Kelly damage may be older buildings or those located on B. Hutson. poor soils that are susceptible to liquefaction. the earthquake and tsunami strike will have pro- In the aftermath of the earthquake, schools may found implications for the region's children. Events struggle to meet their immediate obligations of shel- that strike during school hours occur while families tering and connecting children with their parents. are separated. School staff may be charged with Both the season and the time of day during which keeping large numbers of scared students safe while parents struggle to reunite with their children. These attempts at reunification may extend well beyond school hours, especially for students whose parents (f or guardians have been injured or who need to travel k on degraded transportation networks. Some parents may never arrive and social services will need to search for relatives and temporary homes for these �t students. Where school buildings are vulnerable to seismic shaking or tsunami inundation, or where staff have not ensured that heavy shelving, signage, d and equipment are properly secured, students and staff may be injured in the event, and staff may need to respond to these injuries with the supplies and knowledge that they have at hand. Were the event Figure 87. Following the 2011 M9.2 Tohoku earthquake to happen as students are being bussed to or from classrooms like this one at Ando Elementary School were school, reunification may be complicated by parent used as evacuation shelters. Functional school facilities can be utilized as temporary shelters for those displaced by the confusion, damaged transportation infrastructure, earthquake. Photo:Kiyoshi Ota, Getty Images. and high child-to-adult ratios on most buses. 137 SCHOOLS [CONT. ] Table 35. Description of school building damage for each damage state Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Damage state School is School building School building suffers School building description fully func- suffers limited damages that make suffers extensive tional. damage and can immediate occupancy damages, which be immediately unlikely. Shoring up of may include partial occupied. However, damaged structural el- or full collapse. damage to interior ements and other more Immediate occu- contents, loss of costly and time-consum- pancy is impossible. power, damaged ing repairs likely need- Repairs will be utilities, etc. impact ed before the school extensive. Many usability. can be occupied again. buildings need to be demolished and rebuilt. Universities, community colleges, and vocational/ tries immediately and will require temporary living trade schools present many unique emergency re- accommodations alongside students with domestic sponse challenges after a major earthquake. origins. Schools with on-campus housing will need to con- Many of the Region's universities and colleges have sider the reunification and mass care needs of their large residence halls and other on-campus facilities resident population. All students, including those (e.g. sporting venues, cafeterias, auditoriums, etc.) living off campus, may need assistance contacting that could prove useful to broader community mass their parents or guardians and making temporary care efforts. Schools will need to balance requests to living arrangements. It is unlikely that international utilize these assets with their duty to care for their students will be able to return to their home coun- student, faculty, and staff populations. 138 WASHINGTON : SCHOOLS As shown in Table 36, half of the school buildings Within minutes of the earthquake, the resulting in the I-5 corridor may suffer no to low structural tsunami may send waves of water and debris that damage and may be immediately occupied. How- inundate several schools along the coast. In the ever, damage to interior contents, loss of power, heavily impacted coastal zones, it may take over and damaged utilities may impact usability. Most of a year for schools to be fully repaired or rebuilt these schools may need inspection and repair, but and for students to return to traditional classroom should be usable within a short time. settings. In less impacted areas, the recovery may take months, or less. The loss of these facilities will Schools south of Tacoma and on the coast may be likely cause a high level of distress in the affected particularly hard hit; nearly all may suffer medium communities. Figures 89-91 show the location of to high damage. Many of these school may require schools in Washington. extensive repair before they can be occupied and some may suffer unrepairable damage and may need to be demolished and rebuilt. Table 36. Distribution of damage states for Washington schools, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 3% 22% 75% 1-5 corridor 3% 47% 31% 19% East 89% 11% 0% 0% Summary of School is School building School building suffers School building damage fully func- suffers limited damages that make suffers extensive description tional. damage and can immediate occupancy damages, which be immediately unlikely. Shoring up of may include partial occupied. However, damaged structural el- or full collapse. damage to interior ements and other more Immediate occu- contents, loss of costly and time-consum- pancy is impossible. power, damaged ing repairs likely need- Repairs will be utilities, etc. impact ed before the school extensive. Many usability. can be occupied again. buildings need to be demolished and rebuilt. 139 t.a 122'0" i Vancouver • w 1I A C S7 M °��� • CO Island ► '` y :, B€LLINGHAM • L h,r NACORTES A$' s' Qf ♦ SKACI'T �"" - C t). al,rwar• tifte • r 1. •! • • � i fit. r • PORT ANGELES S� • '� 20 ""'^z°°" / SNOHOMISH Washington toi� vim-0 1 CO, y • • . • EV1fETT C l I R 1_A K CD 2 r � \ SEA Et 'G I • � 4r— � BE.LiEUUE � • x. i •Ilora•ao• t d�,�.., , KIT T TAS CO Legend 0 20 40 6DFA Modified Mercalli Intensity IMMII ~ 0 20 40 ea 80 too Km County III or less:Weak VI:Strong `�, Boundaries Infrastructure Shaking Shaking V Y STERN Native Hiahwws IV:Light VII:Very Strong American Highway Shaking Shaking Reservation 0 Schools V:Moderate Vill or more: City Limits �i Interstate ShakingSevere� Severe Shaking Figure 89. North Washington schools in relation to shaking intensity trr*" RAW 1 ul �+ pc:. +^ KIV(; CO. • ri• • r . ^'{ KITTITAs — {. — PLYM_P.I M i1 1 CO. 3 e r 1�4'fttN as ngton YAKIMA • L 6F.ACH ^ f — — - w • - • COWLITZ �w •� CO. ' SKAAIANIA -Ac C • kw� • — K1.ICKliA • + +ARK Oregon M.� �y �, -- , w r � • GOUVER AID t • 4e WAS O Legend o 20 so -A Mi Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMII 0 ZO 40 EO 80 100 Km County III or less:Weak VL Strong t�� Bou^aanes Infrastructure Shaking Shaking WESTERN Native Highways IV:Ught VII:Very Strong Amencar Shaking Shaking ✓• Reservation Highway 0 SCh0013 V:Moderate Vill r more: City Umife 416Interstate Shaking �:, Severe vere Shaking Figure 90. South Washington schools in relation to shaking intensity r_•srw tots • • r' v_RE-T . R }li 1'F is(t `() ,• f 2 G(t � • 1101 till • • • .A� •• C't). • i • ..l • i�rhr�.r��iYp�1 . 1, �� • • ` •. .� SEAFTLE '�• • � •. � c131PLLEVUE ;; KING CW ah &IAA IN • '•i/� i•� • • �• •• • • • 1 • j 7 • ) a �`. • •11 s.T^C°'," W ' shington � • S ••y • . IL r Legend Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity(MM1) ~ County III or less Weak VI Strong `. Boundaries Shaking Shaking �`EiTtR�' High City Limits Hiohwag %\' Q Schools IV Light VII Very Strong way Shaking Shaking Natr•�e American Reservation Interstate V: Moderate VIII or more. 20 r't' Shaking Severe Shaking � • 20 Krn [ Figure 91. Seattle-Tacoma metro schools in relation to shaking intensity 142 OREGONACHOOLS As shown in Table 37, nearly all schools in the I-5 Within minutes of the earthquake, the resulting corridor and coastal region may suffer medium tsunami may send waves of water and debris that to high damage and may require extensive repair inundate several schools along the coast. In the before the schools may be occupied again. Schools heavily impacted coastal zones, it may take over on the coast may be particularly hard hit; nearly all a year for schools to be fully repaired or rebuilt may suffer high damage. Many of these school may and for students to return to traditional classroom require extensive repair before they can be occupied settings. In less impacted areas, the recovery may and some may suffer unrepairable damage and may take months, or less. The loss of these facilities will need to be demolished and rebuilt. likely cause a high level of distress in the affected communities. Figures 92-94 show the location of schools in Oregon. Table 37. Distribution of damage states for Oregon schools, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 0% 1% 99% 1-5 corridor 0% 2% 47% 51% East 92% 8% 0% 0% Summary of School is School building School building suffers School building damage fully func- suffers limited damages that make suffers extensive description tional. damage and can immediate occupancy damages, which be immediately unlikely. Shoring up of may include partial occupied. However, damaged structural el- or full collapse. damage to interi- ements and other more Immediate occu- or contents, loss costly and time-consum- pancy is impossible. of power, broken ing repairs likely need- Repairs will be utilities, etc. may ed before the school extensive. Many impact usability. can be occupied again. buildings need to be demolished and rebuilt. 143 , ,c€;•n ,zr-ao•w Washington ' SKAMANIA .' i26 • i1 • Gt) `j KLtCKIT r r i 6 VAN OUVER I • ""� • fir► PORTL-AND RIVE f SHE MAN PLL.AMOOK - ' - .• �yUMAH CO 'QC). ( r 101 S • • � • r j • • • 1C LIAS - ;I NCO'N 22 - ' • i w • y _ c" -1v-,,0regon NEWPORTS 20 1.1NN Co. • i LIESCiIU K07i cu. ENO G N 20 Leizend 0 20 40 so soM` Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMII 0 20 40 60 ac 160 Km — County Infrastructure Ill or leas:Weak VI:Strong �A r£ Boundaries Shaking Shaking v Native Hiehways IV:Ught VII:Very Strong « American ---....-- Highway Shaking Shaking Reaervatiat � Schools V:Moderate Vill or rnore: ' City Lomita JV- Intestate Shaking Severe Shaking Figure 92. North and south Oregon schools in relation to shaking intensity 124 grow 122'0" #. 4b A•r i IWOK CU. • • LANE Co- 1 l4SCNUTF% • n Co 38 a t • I 3 coos t - -- ., Oregon BAYOU � 9 1 1 I �7or; 7J • ' DOUCLAS J { i► CO- j f i — { LAKIi 42 I I tJ'I a 1 K.SON l KLAMATH i CO. �= VEOFORO • � I ✓1. • • ~ !7 T Legend 0 zo �o Modified Mercalli Intensity iMMR County If I or less NeaF Vl:Strong A —_ Boundaries Infrastructure Shaking Shaking Y_VE_ST_ ERN Nam Hinhwmm IV-Light Vll Very Strong . American _ Highway Shak no Shaking ����, 0 Schools V Moderate Severe r more: CDCity Limits eW Interstate Shall,no Severe Shaking Figure 93. North and south Oregon schools in relation to shaking intensity Col.(tNJFjI ' i • ~` "' t Washington I • CLARK .� 1:0. kiLAN , r YAN14111.1. r 51 • • ? CLACKAe 4AS • s Oregon � : • ti�Atzt� �01.K c . .� - .gut=ra • 22 Legend Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI) N County III or less Yy'eak VI Strong Boundaries Shaking Shafting Hiahways City Limits Hi hwa 0 SchoolS IV Light VII Very Strong Highway Shaking Shafting Native American ram■ Interstate Reservation I V: Moderate VIII or more: 0 20 U. Shaking Severe Shaking 0 20 Km Figure 94. Portland metro region schools in relation to shaking intensity 146 WATER AND WASTE WATERTREATMENT FACILITIES Definition: The water and wastewater infrastructure lines may ignite hundreds of fires across the region, includes the potable water storage and delivery system yet fire hydrants may not have the water or water and the collection and conveyance of wastewater e�Zu- pressure needed to fight fires. ent to sewage treatment plants within a community Potable water may be unavailable for weeks to The regiods water and wastewater systems—its months in coastal areas, and with damage to trans- system of pipelines, treatment plants, and pumping portation networks, delivering water to isolated stations—stretch across large areas. Many pipelines coastal communities may be challenging.With stretch across soils that may liquefy during an earth- breakages across the region, water may not be quake; treatment plants are often also necessarily completely restored for several months, and possibly situated on river banks and coastlines where soils are years. weak and liquefiable. Damage to wastewater systems may have even Following a Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake greater impacts on communities. Concrete and PVC and tsunami, the regiods access to potable water pipes carrying waste water to treatment plants may may be drastically reduced. During the earthquake, crack or pull apart, flooding streets with raw sewage old concrete and cast iron pipes buried in liquefied and backing it up into home toilets. Damage to soil may crack or break and modern PVC pipelines equipment and pipe connections or a loss of power may pull apart at joints. In either situation, the pumping stations may have similar impacts. damage may result in a total loss of water pressure at homes, businesses, hospitals, and other facilities. Of the wastewater facilities in Washington and Ore- gon, 77 percent may suffer medium to high damage. Of the potable water facilities in Washington and This damage may be severe enough to shutdown Oregon, 88 percent may sustain medium to high wastewater treatment plants and lift-stations for a damage. These damage states are described in Table week or longer. Facilities suffering high damage may 38. Water distribution pipes for fighting fires may be be irreparable. equally damaged. Broken fuel lines and fallen power 147 WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES ( CONT. ) Table 38. Description of water and wastewater facility damage for each damage state Damage state Infrastructure Low Medium High Component Water and Loss of electric power Loss of electric power and Complete failure of wastewater and backup power, backup power, resulting pipings, or extensive treatment plant resulting in temporary in malfunction for about a damage to the filter malfunction for less week. Extensive damage gallery. than three days. to various equipment, Damage state Sedimentation basins, considerable damage to description chlorination tanks, or sedimentation basins, chemical tanks may considerable damage to suffer slight damage. chlorination tanks with Loss of water quality no loss of contents, or may occur. considerable damage to chemical tanks. Loss of water quality is imminent. Damaged pipes connect- ing to basins and chemical units, which may result in a shutdown of the plant. Lift-stations and Slight building dam- Considerable damage Pumping plant build- pumping plants age or loss of electric to mechanical and ing collapse. power and back-up electrical equipment, power for a short time moderate to extensive (less than three days). building damage, or the loss of electric power for about a week. Damage to pumps may be beyond repair. Water storage Minor damage to the Considerable to Storage tank collapse tanks tank roof due to water severe damage to and loss of contents. sloshing, minor cracks tanks, resulting in loss in concrete tanks, or of content. In some localized wrinkles in cases, tanks may go steel tanks. out of service.beyond repair. 148 WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES ( CONT. ) At waterfront treatment facilities, earthquake shak- ing may cause facilities to shift towards water banks and sever connecting pipes. Breaks in main trunk lines will affect larger regions than failures in pipes or pumping stations in upper sections of the sewer system. When wastewater treatment plants fail, raw sewage may discharge into nearby lakes and rivers. Rivers ►� may quickly become polluted with untreated sew- f age, contaminating drinking sources and spread- ing waterborne disease. These failures may further impact community health and safety if healthcare facilities have to operate with limited water. Figure 95. Pipes carrying potable water may be damaged or contaminated, leaving many survivors without a critical resource. Breaks in wastewater pipes can confound this issue,causing sewage backup into streets,plumbing, and other damaged pipe infrastructure. Photo: Vitelmo V. Bertero. 149 WASHINGTON : WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT Washington's water and wastewater systems may damage, may be a challenge. It may be several be severely disrupted in the aftermath of the earth- weeks to half a year before coastal communities quake. Much of the potable water systems in the have access to potable water systems. Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan region may suffer medium damage, including widespread breaks and Most of the wastewater infrastructure in the im- leaks. Where service is available, however, cracked pacted area of Washington may suffer some level of pipelines may result in contaminated water supply. damage. Widespread sewage release and sewer-line backups may result in a shutdown of the system The most substantial damage to potable water sys- until repairs are completed. Restoration timelines tems may be on the coast and in the coastal moun- could be three weeks to seven months, with the tain chain, where the shaking is most intense.As greatest damage and longest restoration times near shown in Table 39, all of the potable water facilities the coastline. Complete restoration of some dam- in the coastal region may suffer medium to high aged wastewater systems could take several years. damage and may be unavailable until major repairs Figures 96 and 97 show the location of water and are made. Delivering repair materials and drinking wastewater facilities in Washington. water to coastal communities, isolated due to road 150 WASHINGTON : WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT ( CONT. ) Table 39. Distribution of damage states for Washington state potable water and wastewater facilities, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Wastewater Facilities Coastal 0% 0% 44% 56% 1-5 corridor 0% 12% 576% 12% East 21% 79% 0% 0% Potable Water Facilities Coastal 0% 0% 67% 33% 1-5 corridor 0% 11% 86% 3% East 0% 100% 0% 0% Summary of No Loss of electric Loss of electric power Complete failure of damage structural power and backup and backup power, pipings, or exten- description damage to power, resulting in resulting in malfunc- sive damage to water and temporary malfunc- tion for about a week. the filter gallery at waste- tion for less than Loss of water quality is treatment plant. water three days. Loss of likely. Damaged pipes Pumping plant or treatment water quality may connecting to basins lift-station building plant, occur. Minor water and chemical units, collapse. Water lift-sta- storage tank dam- which may result in storage tank col- tions, age without loss of a shutdown of treat- lapse and loss all of pumping functionality. ment plant. Damage to content. plants pumps and lift-stations and water may be beyond repair. storage Considerable to severe tanks. damage to water stor- age tanks, resulting in loss of content. 151 t21'4't/'W 122'", 'y" Vancouver W II A 0111111 Island ELLIPiGH f ® r.aCUKTES / SKAGIT C to �4 PORTANGELES �' 01 {(-"_ ®' yt fs"""rx" SNOH SH ington 01 - �`� ltOf 20 t O W RETT • / CfIF.LAN N �/r / / �� a 2 CO. / _ -s^EATTIE f , BELLE EING CD i/ Sill _ f { Amon •� ./�'I - � i 8T KITT TAS CO t a Legend Landslides 0 20 :D 601,11 N Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI) Areas Susceptible 0 44 6rJ 80 100 Km County o Co III or less.'Mak VI:Strong Bjwidanus to Infrastructure Shaking Shaking N1 Native Highways 0 Potable Water IV Light VII Very Strong American Hignway Facilities Shaking Shaking Reservation Wastewater V Moderate Vill r Cary L+mits at� Se Interstate Facilities Shaking Severe Shaking Shaking Figure 96. North Washington potable water facilities and wastewater facilities in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential KIT t r s 1A OCEAN; SHORES9 ABERD=E'N _ C rt f . �T '2 T1 11,1H�S'1'(4 N t r , � J BEACH M� � • 0 6COWLI'I'7. • CO. SKAMANIA � 1 SEASIDE, c o I ! KIACKITA ARK co, t' WasikI'&'1'4. • �. VA OlJ1YER 1 O Le,gend Landslides 0 20 40 6D Mt Modified Mercalti Intensity(MM1) Areas Susceptible 0 20 aci EO 80 100 Km / 1 County to Co-seismic III or less Weak V1 Strong Boundaries Stiding Infrastructure Shaking Shaking ' NVESTERN Native Highways O Potable Water IV tight VII Very Slronq American Facilities Shaking Snaking Reservation Highway Wastewater V Along Se to r more: Citym ty L+ ts >� Interstate Facilities Shaking Severe Shaking Figure 97. South Washington potable water facilities and wastewater facilities in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential OREGON : WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT Oregon's water and wastewater systems may be se- damage, may be a challenge. It may be several verely disrupted in the aftermath of the earthquake. weeks to half a year before coastal communities Much of the potable water systems in the Portland have access to potable water systems. metropolitan region may suffer medium damage, in- cluding widespread breaks and leaks. Where service Most of the wastewater infrastructure in the is available, cracked pipelines may result in contami- impacted area of Oregon may suffer some level of nated water supply. damage. Widespread sewage release and sewer-line backups may result in a shutdown of the system The most substantial damage to potable water sys- until repairs are completed. Restoration timelines tems may be on the coast and in the coastal moun- could be three weeks to seven months, with the tain chain, where the shaking is most intense. As greatest damage and longest restoration times near shown in Table 40, all of the potable water facilities the coastline. Complete restoration of some dam- in the coastal region may suffer medium to high aged wastewater systems could take several years. damage and may be unavailable until major repairs Figure 98 and 99 show the location of water and are made. Delivering repair materials and drinking wastewater facilites in Oregon. water to coastal communities, isolated due to road 154 OREGON : WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT (CONT.) Table 40. Distribution of damage states for Oregon potable water and wastewater facilities, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Wastewater Facilities Coastal 0% 0% 19% 81% 1-5 corridor 0% 13% 59% 28% East 28% 72% 0% 0% Potable Water Facilities Coastal 0% 0% 23% 77% 1-5 corridor 0% 10% 65% 25% East 0% 100% 0% 0% Summary of No Loss of electric Loss of electric power Complete fail- damage structural power and backup and backup power, ure of pipings, or description damage to power, resulting in resulting in malfunc- extensive damage water and temporary malfunc- tion for about a week. to the filter gal- waste- tion for less than Loss of water quality lery at treatment water three days. Loss of is imminent. Damaged plant. Pumping treatment water quality may pipes connecting to plant or lift-station plant, occur. Minor water basins and chemical building collapse. lift-sta- storage tank dam- units, which may result Water storage tank tions, age without loss of in a shutdown of treat- collapse and loss of pumping functionality. ment plant. Damage to contents. plants pumps and lift-stations and water may be beyond repair. storage Considerable to severe tanks. damage to water stor- age tanks, resulting in loss of content. 155 SGE / 'r c�. Washington �'' Vol 1 SKAMANto r o CU. ! KLICKiT r UVER se n1 i + f 'I' RIVE VE e i , SH> MAN / 1 J R N ° ! TILLALIOOK M� �t� � -' �� .. N 11 M 11 CO a C U911 .. �t _ C f) s N hn LI ` AC MAS CITY EM ` t [fit K � � KLE'�a Cnregon �, w,� r i 97 NEVWORT co. a! Co pK5C1IU I ` C oh 01 NIt? ti i i `��EUANE SE"JD Legend 0 0 so N Landslides 20 3 80MiModified Mercalli Intensity{MMi1 Areas SLsceplible 0 20 40 60 00 100 Km / Count',r to Co seismic III or less.Weak VI Strong f� Boundancs S! ting Infrastructure Shaking Shaking NVE-STERN Native Highways Potable Water IV Light VII Very Strong Reer r�ar ,g u,.�y Facilities Shaking Shaking Reservation O Wastewater V. ModeShaking Se er more. City k,mts � Interstate Facilities Shaking Severe Shaking Figure 98. North Oregon potable water facilities and wastewater facilities in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 124 cn0'W 17?RT6W F.0 RENCf Jellt om , ROOK 20 01 Ile ` _.. Co `'•. .. 4Q ' ) d Oregon lop A jKb. 1 i KL.AMA'I It cc�. MEDFORD - tI, .t " Le,gend Landslides I �, ao Mt Modified Mercalli intensity(MMI A*eas Susceptible 0 20 40 60 80 100 Km County III or less.tNeak V!:Strong Boundaries to Co-seismic Infrastructure Shaking 9 Shaking WESTERN �F S�'E Native Highways O Potable Water IV Light VII Very Strong Amer Reser vation Highway Facilities Shaking Shaking Reservation Wastewater V ModeShaking Severe r more: Cary Limits .��. Interstate Facilities Shakmg Seveere Shaking Figure 99. South Oregon potable water facilities and wastewater facilities in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential HAZARDOUS MATERIALS FACILITIES As many as 80 chemical facilities in Washington and Oregon may suffer medium or greater damage from the initial earthquake. Industrial sites with tanks' and pipes holding nitric acid or nitrate compounds may overturn or rupture in the violent shaking. . These damaged facilities, tanks and pipes may release noxious gases or leak life-threatening chemi- cals onto the ground and into bodies of water. Even in undamaged, but open-topped tanks, chemicals may slosh around and spill. Where these releases are flammable (e.g. ruptured gas lines) fires may ignite. Some damaged facilities may release life-threatening Figure 100. Shaking from the 1983 M6.5 Coalinga ingestible and inhalable chemicals, such as ammonia earthquake caused the pipe connections to break at a and chlorine, which may pose the greatest immedi- Chevron facility. Oil spilled out of the damaged connection, ate health threat for those in the immediate vicinity but was retained by dikes. Photo:Karl V. Steinbrugge. of the release. These immediate threats may add to widespread lower-risk releases from damaged storage tanks, breaks in oil and gas pipelines, and toxic threat for those in the immediate vicinity, but may dust and debris from collapsed buildings. Yet, in also pose a threat to surrounding communities. the immediate aftermath, the number of hazardous spills may be underreported due to disruptions in Adding to the complexity of the problem, tsunami standard reporting mechanisms. and flood waters may inundate chemical facilities along the shoreline, picking up and carrying harm- Areas affected by hazardous material releases may ful chemicals with the incoming waters. As the face a range of emergency management problems tsunami slams into homes, businesses, and farms it that slow response. Disruptions in public message may be contaminated with common chemicals and distribution systems may prevent the dissemination fuels found in cleaning and construction supplies, of life-saving warning messages to affected commu- appliances, fertilizers stocks, and farm animal excre- nities. Fires and HAZMAT releases may constrain ment. As the water recedes, the contaminants picked movement into affected areas, which may hamper up by the tsunami may cause widespread, low-level search and rescue operations. Hazardous materials contamination in inundated areas along the coast, may contaminate drinking water, which may pose a posing health risks to both survivors and responders. 158 WASHINGTON : HAZARDOUS MATERIALS FACILITIES In the impacted areas in Washington, there are over one thousand facilities with reportable quantities of extremely hazardous substances (EHS). According to the state's reporting threshold, an even higher number, around 3,000 facilities, have reportable quantities of less dangerous materials. The severity of hazardous releases may be unknown due to dis- ruptions in HAZMAT reporting mechanisms. HAZMAT facilities in the impacted area of Wash- ington and the corresponding shaking intensity are shown on Figures 101 and 102. In addition to pos- sible damage caused by the intense shaking, tsunami waves will likely inundate a few chemical facilities along the coastline. 159 Vancouver e WtIATTCUM Island BELLINGHAM ca �i 20 1 "it q^dnG TES PORT - mot a�ul�t.A ANGELES { ( Ile` of :.! E ETTcr>io>rr c►r aEL'L•E� E SE/1TTLE r Washingto -A A N' /,/ / 7~ Y►L pit A'r / f.. '4 ` 11 TITAS CO It A HII U14 � ru 0 Im 00, ,y LONG BEACH T t . / i �� FtiLtYV,1l+1P1 �.^ r.AWL1TZ t Sc4�:CE,1� / .+,� % SKAMANIA ��� * - co � r0 I 1Kill ITA Ot � on T O, )UVER �; • �t19 ' PORT AND - -� ,. YI MA', i is �► � '� �.�' Legend Landslides Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity(MM1) N Garrity Arcoe/-a�s.Su%Leptiblu 10 -se's-'l-C Boundaries Slwling III or less Weak VI Strong 4" Highways Facilities with Shaking Shaking 1�'EJTERN City Limits Hazardous Highway H IV Light VII Very Strong Native American Materials Reservation '4W Interstate Shaking Shaking ° 'o °° so Bc V' V: Moderate VIII or more i G so .Io ae s°Kin Shaking Severe Shaken Figure 101. Washington facilities with hazardous material in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 160 ,n ov-w 01 -` RETT 1. 1IF `. or Ile i r SEATTLE ' BELLEVUE Al SAP t lG �l TACOS"I �- 'i� �r : ;_ I F.4 t: F •• Lem end Landslides Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMIJ Arcas$uaceptible County Boundaries g Srrarrne III or less Weak VI Strong '♦�� N h" Facilities with Shaking Shaking %,I-STERN City Limits �----ig Hazardous Native Amencan Highway Matenals IV Light VII Very Strong Reservation ■0m Interstate Shaking Shaking 20"r' V:Moderate Vill or more: + r 2oK® Shakinq Severe Shakin Figure 102. Seattle-Tacoma metro region facilities with hazardous material in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 161 OREGON : HAZARDOUS MATERIALS FACILITIES In the impacted areas of Oregon, there are nearly a thousand facilities that have reportable quantities of Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS). According to the state's reporting threshold, approximately 18,000 facilities have reportable quantities of less dangerous materials. The severity of hazardous releases may be unknown due to disruptions in HAZMAT reporting mechanisms. The HAZMAT facilities in the impacted area of Oregon and the corresponding shaking intensity are shown on Figures 103 and 104. In addition to pos- sible damage caused by the intense shaking, tsunami waves will likely inundate a couple chemical facili- ties along the coastline. 162 } Washington 01 PORTLAND I HOW) • r ,1 ,11 + }nw m WASS:. M } cU EK HEV1P(Mt k r � L20� .-_.� JR1fPNHS0H .. of N RORENCE / J t " Oregon / u u kr r • �` i `R4AVA7t1 _ jA ON cd. MS r 'CN r MEDFOR97 .G.0 Legend Landslides Infrastructure Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Maas Susceptible Count'I Boundaries swing III or less Weak VI Strong -1 City L+ends Highways Facilities with Shaking Shaking WISTI R\ Hazardous Native American Highway Materials IV Light VII Very Strong Reservation mdW Interstate Shaking Shaking 0 20 40 00 ea 161 V: Moderate VIII or more a 20 is so is Shakirlu Severe Shaken Figure 103. Oregon facilities with hazardous material in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 163 COLUNIFI,I CO. • Washington C1.A :h c u� S *�• Var♦OU$E ON •tiW A%,I i I�(;,MID!N, x. PORTLAND fi . ti � it • ,; ACK4e AS Oregon MARIU ttl. CO, C. . Legend Landslides Infrastructure Modified Mercalti Intensity IMMII N County Ajoas SuYcephbic 10 Co-se,5-1-, Boundaries Sliding III or less Weak VI Strong fthways Facilihes with Shaking Shalung WESTERN City Limits Highway Hazardous � Native Amerman Materials IV Light VII Very Strong Reservation �iF Interstate Shaking Shaking 0 20 U, V: Moderate VIII or more. 64%111� town Shaking Severe Shaken < Figure 104. Portland metro region facilities with hazardous materials in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 164 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Definition: Communication systems consist of central offices and broadcasting stations, transmission lines connecting central offices, and cabling. A communi- cation facility consists of a building, unanchored or anchored central switching equipment, and backup fuel or battery generators. In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, all forms of communication may be disrupted—at a time when they are needed most. Survivors and responders may have limited access to internet, cell phone, landline phone, and television services due Figure 105. Shaking form the 1989 M6.9 Loma Prieta to the combination of communication and power earthquake damaged radio transmission towers in disruptions. California. Even radio and cell towers that do not experience severe damage may still be un-operational after the quake if antennae, cables, or other hardware become Intergovernmental communication capabilities may unaligned or damaged. Photo: USGS. be significantly degraded, which may limit their ability to coordinate. Responders may be unable to collect information and provide situational aware- Oregon. Roughly two-thirds of these facilities may ness, which may delay the delivery of lifesaving and suffer medium to high damage from the initial life-sustaining assistance. Survivors may have limited earthquake. As shown in Table 41, the majority of access to news, social media, and other informa- communications facilities in Washingtods I-5 corri- tional outlets that could help them determine what dor may suffer medium to high damage. The shak- to do and where to go. Rumors may fill the void ing may rattle equipment off of cell towers, dislodge created by the absence of traditional information central control boards and damage central com- channels. munications offices. Communication facilities that suffer no or low damage may also be un-operational There are over a thousand telecommunications due to antennae being thrown out of alignment or facilities in the impacted area of Washington and the breaking of cables connecting these facilities. Table 41. Communications facility damage level description Damage State Infrastructure Low Medium High Communications Slight damage to the commu- Moderate to severe damage to Severe to complete damage Facilities nication facility building,or communication facility buildings, to the communication facility loss of the center's ability to many digital switching boards building,with most switching provide services for up to a dislodged,resulting in malfunction. boards dislodged,resulting in few days due to loss of elec- The central office may be without malfunction.The damage to digi- tric power and backup power. service for a few days due to loss tal switching boards may beyond The facility may be functional of electric power or loss of backup repair. with minor repairs. power,typically due to overload. 165 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ( CONTA In areas experiencing power outages, communica- Coastal communications may be especially degrad- tions facilities may be forced to operate on backup ed due to damage to communication facilities and generators. However, these backup power systems damage to electric and transportation infrastructure typically last for only eight to twelve hours. Refu- in the areas of highest shaking. Most coastal cell eling these systems may be a challenge; damaged towers and central control buildings may suffer roadways may make it difficult for crews to reach high damage from the violent shaking and may be communications towers. Personnel shortages may completely inaccessible for repair. Even if commu- also limit the number of teams sent out to repair fa- nications buildings themselves withstand the earth- cilities. As facilities running on backup power begin quake, unsecured equipment may be tossed to the to go offline, communications may further dete- ground and central control boards may dislodge, riorate. The accumulation of numerous points of resulting in malfunction. Some communication failure may result in widespread failure far beyond facilities may be completely destroyed by the tsu- the impacted area. nami waves. Communications in these areas may be limited to radio and satellite phones. Figure 106 People who still have cell or landline service calling illustrates the type of damage the force of a tsunami loved ones or emergency services may overwhelm wave can do to the steel support columns of a cell the remaining lines, causing them to jam up or tower. Many coastal broadcast facilities that pro- crash completely. In total, up to ten million people vide AM/FM radio and television services may also across the region may lose access to standard com- suffer high damage and may be unable to provide munication services. service. Even facilities sustaining low damage may experience service disruptions due to misdirected or downed antennae. As a result, broadcast services may be disrupted for inland populations as well. The potential loss of broadcast services may severe- ly limit the ability of state and local authorities to d disseminate emergency information to affected areas through the EAS national public warning system. While television and FM broadcast may be available in some areas of the I-5 corridor, their signals will be unable to reach past the coastal mountain range to ✓" �. provide service to survivors in the heavily damaged coastal regions. With AM radio's longer broadcast *' range, survivors with power, or those who attempt to listen in their vehicles, may be able to receive AM Figure 106. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami compounded communication infrastructure damage already caused by radio signals. the earthquake, including completely knocking over cell towers. Widespread damage to communication systems can For local, state, and tribal governments with back- delay the response time of emergency services and leave survivors without crucial information. Source: USGS. up reporting and communications systems, limited communication may be possible up until the point when fuel for backup generators runs out. 166 WASHINGTON AND OREGON : LONG - HA U L FIBER OPTIC CABLES Undersea transpacific cables are the primary commu- delays in internet and long-distance services as the nications links connecting both Alaska and East Asia network attempts to reroute around the impacted to the contiguous United States. Damaged transpa- area. cific cables may cause disruption in communication to and from East Asian countries, as well as to and from Alaska. Underground landslides and the shifting of the ocean floor may sever undersea cables that traverse the off- shore regions of the Cascadia Subduction Zone. The remaining cable systems on the northern transpacific routes landing in Puget Sound and the Oregon coast may see some disruptions, but the southern routes through California may remain functional. With the loss of undersea cable capacity, communica- tions systems may face abnormally high congestion. While alternative routes using satellite microwave communications may exist, the bandwidth is limit- ed. The restoration of these cables may take several months. Figure 107. Internet and phone providers believe that a small earthquake severed this underwater cable and caused a phone and data outage in the San Juan Islands. On land, regional long-haul fiber optic cables may be Following an earthquake survivors may not be able to use severed by landslides or the collapse of the bridges undamaged landlines as the volume of emergency calls will likely overwhelm surviving infrastructure capabilities. they span, which may cause regional and nationwide Photo: KING. 167 WASHINGTON : COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS The majority of communications infrastructure on As shown in Table 42, most of the communication the coast may be severely damaged and inaccessible facilities in eastern Washington may suffer less for repair. Facilities along the immediate coastline physical damage from the earthquake. However, will likely be destroyed by the force of the tsunami the lower availability of power may limit the capa- wave. Communications in these areas may be limit- bility of these facilities to provide service. Figures ed to radio frequency and satellite phones. 108 and 109 plot the location of cell towers and broadcast television stations in Washington. Table 42. Distribution of damage states for Washington state communications facilities, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 0% 33% 67% 1-5 corridor 5% 19% 55% 21% East 95% 5% 0% 0% Summary of No Slight damage to Moderate to severe Severe to com- damage damage the communication damage to communi- plete damage to description to facility facility building, or cation facility buildings, the communication building loss of the center's many digital switching facility building, or equip- ability to provide boards dislodged, with most switching ment. services for up to resulting in malfunction. boards dislodged, Antennae a few days due The central office may resulting in malfunc- misalign- to loss of electric be without service for a tion. The damage ment may power and backup few days due to loss of to digital switching temporar- power. The facility electric power or loss of boards may beyond ily disrupt may be functional backup power, typically repair. service. with minor repairs. due to overload. 168 17!'aV'W i?2'aDW VanCOUV@f het WIIA COO CQ Island f �ru • s �'"•- «- ANACORTES �'I�► . SSKAG1T Co. , l! t� *PORT ANGELES •,..� Vi..Vr�Vr !' ln4Nf. ington ,fir' r i •, '- f. ,E EVERETT f Z C40 n. z Y; f SELL E t► No,oft itt�l+l�:ti: � r � '� /j NI7'T TAS CO - Legend Landslides e � tiQ Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMIJ Areas Susceptible 0 20 46 Eta 80 1W Km / County 111 or Tess-Weak VI Strong Boundaries to Co•sersm+r_ Infrastructure Shaking g WESTERNidonq Native Highways Q Cell Towers IV Light VII Very Strong American Highway Shaking Shaking Reservation — Broadcast 5t V Modeakmg ate Se er more: Crty Limits � Interstato C' Television Stations Shabng Severe Shaking s Figure 108. North Washington cell towers and broadcast television stations in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 1:�7 r,^Vy te7'4VlY of f A* TACMA— • f' rtf KITTITAS OCEAN - / f SHORES. A9ERDEEt! C 10 , ton 1 1�7', it:ti`ftat� 1. i y t C f BEACHSAWA 01 • J Ra��rraw.. CDs, --.._ . c to w�y 1�r•r i l�/ I SKAMANIA SEASIDE 4 i n le afs KLICk1TAof ' i j C!0. OOVER20 _ Legend Landslides g �Q 6UMi Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI 0 20 44 EU 80 100ISm CO"" Areas Susceptible to Co•sersmic iil or less 'Neck Yi Strong Boundaries Stiding Infrastructure Shaking Shaking `'�fl�tiTE1L' NaLve Highways Q Cell Towers Iv Light va Very Strong American Highway Shaking Shaking Reservation ' Broadcast V ate SV11e r more: City Limt9 � Interstate IL Television Stations Shaking akcg Severe Shaking Figure 109. South Washington cell towers and broadcast television stations in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential OREGON : COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS The majority of communications infrastructure on Most of the communication facilities in eastern the coast may be severely damaged and inaccessible Oregon may suffer less physical damage from the for repair (see Table 43). Facilities along the imme- earthquake. However, the lower availability of diate coastline will likely be destroyed by the force power may limit the capability of these facilities to of the tsunami wave. Communications in these provide service. Figures 110 and 111 plot the loca- areas may be limited to radio frequency and satellite tion of cell towers and broadcast television stations phones. in Oregon. Table 43. Distribution of damage states for Oregon communications facilities, by areas of operation Damage State Area of Operation None Low Medium High Coastal 0% 0% 18% 82% 1-5 corridor 8% 15% 58% 19% East 98% 0% 0% 2% Summary of No Slight damage to Moderate to severe Severe to com- damage damage the communication damage to communi- plete damage to description to facility facility building, or cation facility buildings, the communication building loss of the center's many digital switching facility building, or equip- ability to provide boards dislodged, with most switching ment. services for up to resulting in malfunction. boards dislodged, Antennae a few days due The central office may resulting in malfunc- misalign- to loss of electric be without service for a tion. The damage ment may power and backup few days due to loss of to digital switching temporar- power. The facility electric power or loss of boards may beyond ily disrupt may be functional backup power, typically repair. service. with minor repairs. due to overload. 171 COCo. WashingtqSLASIDE li'+it,Al1S! ` � ;KAMAN:AC. ;. CU ' KLICKIT RK O1 J ST l • E , �- VANG`O11 t� 25 P RIVER1y tiHt� MAN PN CU nt utMoort t4 1 ! 4, t N<I M A 11 Co , co at A f t, �r / I •... 1 ` AC MAS _. UNCOI C. , 0 -22- • • POLK Oregon 1 NEYVPORT AAA / • • .. �` ► �+'t'i�to _A- irFJ , ' Dvsctlu C01 Co. dh UGENE /• ` SEND Legend 20 '° 60 EMI ~ Landslides Modified Mercalli Intensity{MM11 A eas Susceptible ° 20 40 60 PO 100 Kmto Go- County ill or less.Weak Vt Strong Boundanes S!ding seismic Infrastructure Shaken Shaki S±idmg 9 rig WESTERN Native Highways Q Cell Towers IV Light VII very Strong American Shaking Shaking Reservation Highway Broadcast V. Moderate Vill or ore. City Limts .� Interstate more. Stations Shaking Severe Shaking Figure 110. North Oregon cell towers and broadcast television stations in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential 124 7U—Jr • �- FLOREN E'`: t- t N_11CHUTitS • n co 1 • coos AY /Y Oregon ` • i e tOtj • t ` b �✓ LAKK i az 1 t a f - I • ON KLAMATtt • • EDFORD • r �. •� of � Legend 0 20 ao eo eel Landslides Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI) A,eas Susceptible 0 20 40 60 80 1lp Km County III or less Weak VI Strong Boundaries Sfidogeismac in Infrastructure Shaking Shaking 11�srEu:� Native Highways O Cell Towers IV Light Vll Very Strong American Hignwsy Shaking Shaking Reservation Broadcast Valk-ng ate VillSe er more. City Lirnts � Interstate � Television Stations Shaking Severe Shaking • Figure 111. Ssouth Oregon cell towers and broadcast television stations in relation to shaking intensity and landslide potential B U I L D I N G S As with other types of structures, the performance predate seismic codes. Built of brick or concrete of a building during the earthquake will depend on without steel reinforcement, they are prone to when it was built, where it is located, the strength collapse during strong earthquakes, particularly and flexibility of its materials, and how long the when the shaking lasts for several minutes. URMs ground shakes. For tall buildings, large-magnitude are often the cause of earthquake-related fatali- earthquakes pose a particular challenge. High-rises ties. Because of the danger such buildings pose, and other tall structures vibrate at a lower frequency some governments are taking steps to eliminate or than shorter buildings. Because the frequency of a strengthen URMs. California state law requires local large earthquake's seismic waves is also low, some governments in seismic hazard zones to inventory tall structures may resonate with the waves. This URMs and adopt mitigation programs aimed at will amplify the intensity of the shaking and may reducing the risk of collapse. Complete inventories increase the damage. have been done only in California, but URMs are common throughout the Northwest: Oregon has Some buildings should hold up fairly well. Struc- an estimated 5,000 to 10,000 statewide, with about tures that were designed and built to meet current 1,800 in the city of Portland alone. Seattle, which seismic codes may sustain damage, but should not has about 1,000 URMs, and has experienced three collapse. These may be usable after the earthquake, damaging earthquakes in the last 64 years, is con- although they may lack utilities. Many houses in the sidering adoption of a mandatory retrofit program Pacific Northwest are wood-frame structures. This similar to California's. type of building is lightweight, flexible, and unlike- ly to collapse during the quake, although it may A Cascadia earthquake may cause nonstructural shift off of its foundation if not bolted to it (this damage even in buildings that were built or retro- is a major concern for houses built prior to 1976). fitted to meet higher structural seismic standards. Connections to utilities may also break, and fallen Strong shaking can knock fittings and equipment chimneys are quite common, as were seen during loose and move anything that is not securely bolted the Nisqually earthquake in 2001. down. Suspended ceilings, fire sprinkler systems, elevators, partition walls, air handling units, and hot Other buildings will perform very badly. Unrein- water tanks are just a few of the vulnerable compo- forced masonry buildings (URMs), for example, nents. 174 RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, as many as one million residential buildings may ?; be damaged by the initial earthquake. This dam- age may range from small cracks at the corners of doors, windows, and in masonry chimneys, to the complete failure of walls, load bearing systems, and foundations, leading to partial or complete collapse of the building. In addition to structural damage, j millions of homes may sustain a range of nonstruc- tural damage, such as fallen bookshelves, televisions, "- computers, lights, dishes, and ventilation ducts. The photos below illustrate the range of structural and nonstructural damage. Figure 113. The 1983 M 6.2 Coalinga earthquake caused the cripple walls of wood-frame houses to fail, resulting in the house sliding off its foundation. Wood frame houses are flexible enough that collapse is unlikely for most of them, ` 1!; but many built prior to 1976 are at risk of shifting off of their foundations. Photo: Karl V. Steinbrugge. Figure 112. The interior of residential dwellings can be damaged during seismic events,such as this living room following the 1994 M 6.7 Northridge earthquake. Large pieces of furniture, fire sprinkler systems,suspended ceilings, air conditioning units and hot water tanks are among the vulnerable household elements. Photo:Jonney Wiss. Figure 114. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake shifted this house over two feet off its foundation causing the structure to detach from the concrete stairway and collapsing all four shear walls. Photo:J.K Nakata, USGS. x,1` Figure 115. The tsunami following the 2011 East Japan t a earthquake obliterated many houses it inundated,stripping rya;,•„ the walls off some and sweeping others completely off of their foundations. Similar tsunami damage in the region could affect over 45,000 buildings, most of them residential. Photo: EPA/Alex Hofford. 175 WASHINGTON : RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS In Washington, as many as half a million residential buildings may be damaged by the initial earthquake. The population centers along the I-5 corridor may have the highest number of damaged residential buildings; over 400,000 residential buildings may suffer some level of structural damage. The majority of damaged residential buildings may only sustain minor structural damage, and may be immediately inhabitable after the earthquake. Roughly 5 percent of the damaged buildings may sustain moderate structural damage requiring repair before it is safe to occupy.;" The highest level of building damage may be along the coast and west of the coastal mountain chain. As many as 70,000 residential buildings may be damaged by the earthquake. Roughly a quarter of the damages to buildings may be severe enough as to render the structure uninhabitable without major repairs. The tsunami will likely damage as many as 20,000 residential buildings along the coast, including roughly half of the residential buildings in Grays Harbor and Pacific Counties. The length of time it takes to repair these structures may depend on the location of the building, damage to surrounding infrastructure, and the damage state of the structure. 176 OREGON : RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS In Oregon, as many as 440,000 residential buildings may be damaged by the earthquake. The population centers along the I-5 corridor may have the highest number of damaged residential buildings; over 300,000 residential buildings may suffer some level of structural damage. The majority of damaged residential buildings may only sustain minor structural damage, and may be immediately inhabitable after the earthquake. Roughly 5 percent of the damaged buildings may sustain moderate structural damage requiring repair before it is safe to occupy. "; The highest level of building damage may be along the coast, where as many as 100,000 residential buildings may be damaged by the earthquake. Roughly a quarter of the damages to buildings may be severe enough as to render the structure uninhab- itable without major repairs. The tsunami will likely damage as many as 20,000 residential buildings along the coast. The length of time it takes to repair these structures may depend on the location of the building, damage to surrounding infrastructure, and the damage state of the structure. 177 SHELTERS In the immediate aftermath of the Cascadia Subduc- these shelters may suffer moderate building damage, tion Zone event, as many as one million people may others may suffer damage severe enough as to render need short-term sheltering. Most displaced survivors the building uninhabitable. Others may need to may seek shelter because their homes are no lon- operate without power and water. ger safe to occupy, or they may be unable to reach their homes due to impassable roads. Many of these The large volume of displaced survivors seeking survivors will shelter-in-place, that is, seek shelter shelter will likely overcrowd the remaining work- with family and neighbors, while many others will ing shelters, raising the possibility of public health seek out government and Red Cross managed for- threats emerging from unsanitary conditions likely mal emergency shelters. Visitors to the region will to develop in these crowded shelters. also need short-term sheltering. At the same time, roughly two-thirds of emergency shelter buildings Table 44 shows the approximate number of people may suffer medium to high damage. While some of in need of shelter in Washington and Oregon. Table 44. Initial short-term sheltering requirements- both shelter-in-place and emergency sheltering (90th percentile)'x Short-term sheltering requirement Initial short-term PW feeding and hydra- Earthquake Tsunami Total tion requirment Washington 370,000 45,000 415,000 1,100,000 Oregon 500,000 20,000 520,000 1,300,000 Total 870,000 65,000 915,000 2,400,000 178 APPENDIX A : REPORT CONTRIBUTORS We would like to thank the Western Washington University, Resilience Institute for the authorship of this report: - Rebekah Paci-Green, PhD,Assoc. Director, Resilience Institute - Natalie Boles, Project Lead -Tyler Black, Cartographer - Karissa Smith, Research Assistant - Enkhbayar Munkh-Erdene, Designer We would also like to formally thank representatives from the following organizations for their contributions to this report: U.S. Department of Homeland Security— FEMA Region 10 U.S. Department of Homeland Security—Office of Infrastructure Protection U.S. Department of Homeland Security—National Coordinating Center for Communications U.S. Department of Homeland Security—United States Coast Guard, District 13 U.S. Department of Defense— United States Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Department of Interior— Bureau of Reclamation U.S. Department of Interior— United States Geological Survey U.S. Department of Justice— Bureau of Alcohol,Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives U.S. Department of Energy— Bonneville Power Administration U.S. Department of Commerce—National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Washington Emergency Management Division Washington State Department of Transportation Washington Department of Natural Resources Snohomish County, WA, Office of Emergency Management Grant County, WA, Office of Emergency Management King County, WA, Office of Emergency Management Oregon Office of Emergency Management Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Clackamas County, OR, Office of Emergency Management California Department of Conservation University of Washington, M9 Group Washington State University Office of Emergency Management Cascadia Region Earthquake Workgroup (CREW) Risk Reduction Solutions, LLC Structural Engineering Association of Washington Reid Middleton, Inc. 179 APPENDIX B : REFERENCE MATERIALS Cascadia Earthquake Working Group(2013).Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes:A Magnitude 9.0 Earthquake Scenario. Oregon Seismic Safety Policy Advisory Commission(2013).The Oregon Resilience Plan: Reducing Risk and Improving for the Next Cascadia Earthquake and Tsunami.Salem,Oregon. U.S.Department of Homeland Security and Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA)Region 10(2013):Cascadia Su- duction Zone(CSZ)Catastrophic Earthquake and Tsunami Response Plan. U.S.Department of Homeland Security(2011a): Draft Analytical Baseline Study for the Cascadia Earthquake and Tsunami. U.S.Department of Homeland Security(2011b):HAZUS Modeling Output:For Official Use Only Wood,N. (2007).Variations in Community Exposure and Sensitivity to Tsunami Hazards in Oregon. Reston,VA,USGS Scien- tific Investigations Report 2007-5283. Wood,N.,Soulard,C. (2008). Variations in Community Exposure and Sensitivity to Tsunami Hazards on the Open-Ocena and Strait of Juan de Fuca Coasts of Wahsington. USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5004. Wood,N.,and Schmiddein,M.,2013,Community variations in population exposure to near-field tsunami hazards as a function of pedestrian travel time to safety,Natural Hazards,65 (3): 1603-1628. Wood,N.,Jones,J.,Spielman,S.,and Schmidtlein,M.,in review,Community clusters of tsunami vulnerability in the U.S.Pacif- ic Northwest,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences i Precise figure is 6,703,210 based on 2012 U.S.Census Bureau Projections(Washingtoa,Oregon,and California and Statistics Canada figures from the 2011 Canadian Census ii FEMA Region 10 CSZ Response Plan ur Precise GDP figure is$448,659,000(Portland and Seattle metro areas combined)according to the U.S.Bureau of Economic Analysis. iv Precise GDP figure is$101.2 billion according to The Brookings Institutions 2012 Global hletroMonitor. v Data based on the U.S.Census Bureau's 2009 American Community Surve;1-Year Estimates for Educational Attainment. yr Statistics compiled by U.S.Census Bureau—Top States and Cities Visited b,Overseas Travelers. ma Statistics compiled by U.S.Census Bureau—Selected U.S.-Canadian and U.S.-Mexican Border Land-Passenger Gateways,2010. td"As of date,there is no comprehensive HAZUS output for residential building damage states for both Washington and Oregon.The percentage of medium and high damage levels presented here was estimated using the Washington State Seismic Hazards Catalog—a web-based tool using HAZUS loss estimates and GIS. Using the Seismic Catalog tool,residential building damage levels were queried for counties on the coast and the I-5 corridor.Based on the sampled data,less than one percent of the damaged residential buildings in the I-5 corridor may sustain medium and approximately five percent may sustain high damage.Approximately fifteen percent of the damaged residential buildings in coastal counties may sustain medium damage and ten percent may sustain high damage. ix One limitation of this analysis is that sheltering requirements for tsunami inundation areas were calculated for both earthquake and tsunami impacts.This may have resulted in an overestimate. Also,residential buildings were used to represent residences for the earthquake sheltering calculations.Residential structures can include multiple residences;thus,earthquake sheltering requirements may have been underestimated. 180 MASON COUNTY BRIEFING ITEM SUMMARY FORM TO: BOARD OF MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS FROM: Jennifer Beierle DEPARTMENT: Support Services EXT: 532 BRIEFING DATE: July 11, 2022 PREVIOUS BRIEFING DATES: N/A ITEM: Mason County Monthly Financial Report: June 2022 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Review of Cash Balances, and Budget to Actual Revenues and Expenditures for all County Funds through June 2022. BUDGET IMPACTS: Budget to Actual Comparison of 2021 & 2022 RECOMMENDED OR REQUESTED ACTION: N/A ATTACHMENTS: Mason County Monthly Financial Report: June 2022 J:\Budget OfficeTriefmg,Agenda,&Public Hearing Items\2022\Briefing Summary 7.11.2022-June 2022 Financial Report.doc #185-1 t, MASON COUNTY MONTHLY JUNE 2022 FINANCIAL REPORT J:\Financials\2022 Financials\2022 June Financial Reportl.xlsx 0oH cpUN {,tom TA I MASON COUNTY MONTHLY FINANCIAL /,YSJY REPORT DUNE 2022 2021 vs 2022 Current Expense Revenue Comparison Revenue Revenue Collected Collected Actual dif 2021 Department Name 2021 Budget Uncollected %2021 2022 Budget Uncollected %2022 Through End Revenue Through End Revenue vs 2022 of Month of Month WSU Extension 23,500 11,925 (11,575) 51% 40,600 11,268 (29,332) 28% (657) Assessor 7,000 12,688 5,688 181% 9,000 6,090 (2,911) 68% (6,599) Auditor 1,130,017 578,559 (551,458) 51% 1,142,750 633,396 (509,354) 55% 54,837 Emergency Management 121,585 1,020 (120,565) 1% 75,912 16,967 (58,945) 22% 15,947 Facilities&Grounds - 476 476 0% - 1,773 1,773 0% 1,297 Human Resources - - - 0% - - - 0% - Clerk 366,348 109,682 (256,666) 30% 378,377 187,892 (190,485) 50% 78,209 Commissioners - 725 725 0% - - - 0% (725) Support Services 700 5 (695) 1% 92,078 98 (91,980) 0% 93 District Court 1,036,026 624,131 (411,895) 60% 1,080,400 422,899 (657,501) 39% (201,232) Community Development 2,177,600 1,633,277 (544,323) 75% 2,434,000 1,195,690 (1,238,310) 49% (437,587) Historical Preservation 76,000 61,887 (14,113) 81% 24,000 10,167 (13,833) 42% (51,720) Parks&Trails 44,000 14,890 (29,110) 34% 44,000 13,367 (30,633) 30% (1,523) Juvenile Court Services 1,161,438 683,936 (477,502) 59% 1,255,805 712,603 1 (543,202) 57% 28,667 Prosecutor 248,575 86,197 (162,378) 35% 239,471 85,545 (153,926) 36% (652) Child Support Enforcement 159,126 60,507 (98,619) 38% 159,679 106,286 (53,393) 67% 45,779 Coroner 35,000 21,280 (13,720) 61% 35,000 24,180 (10,820) 69% 2,900 Sheriff 1,000,835 475,413 (525,422) 48% 953,505 518,226 (435,279) 54% 42,813 Indigent Defense 240,767 90,041 (150,726) 37% 245,267 172,895 (72,372) 70% 82,854 Superior Court 75,665 77,055 1,390 102% 69,650 44,689 (24,961) 64% (32,365) Family Court 2,500 1,232 (1,268) 49% 2,500 1,272 (1,228) 51% 40 Therapeutic Court 720,875 175,209 (545,666) 24% 811,347 199,851 (611,496) 25% 24,642 Murder Expenditures - - - 0% - - - 0% - Treasurer 26,206,041 15,433,119 (10,772,922) 59% 26,983,596 17,624,131 (9,359,465) 65% 2,191,012 Non Departmental 4,303,486 1,944,740 (2,358,746) 45% 4,619,977 2,274,996 (2,344,981) 49% 330,255 Motor Pool 447,202 314,145 (133,057) 70% 72,000 - (72,000) 0% (314,145) Totals $ 39,584,286 $ 22,412,140 1 $ (17,172,146) 57% $40,768,914 $24,264,280 $ (16,504,634) 60% 1,852,139 J:1Financials\2022 Financials12022 June Financial Reporti.xlsx 2 MASON COUNTY MONTHLY FINANCIAL _ = JUN REPORT � ����Treasurer Department Receipts Treasurer#001-260-000 2021 Budget 2021 YTD This Month %2021 2022 Budget 2022 YTD This Month %2022 REAL&PERSONAL PROPERTY TAXES 11,546,496 6,591,783 126,119 57% 11,331,824 6,614,121 124,818 58% SALES TAX TITLE PROPERTY - - 0 0% - - 0 0% LOCAL RETAIL SALES&USE TAX 6,250,000 3,858,057 724,550 62% 7,200,000 4,244,973 758,195 59% LOCAL PUBLIC SAFETY-CITY 37,000 25,036 4,373 68% 50,000 24,751 4,121 50% CRIMINALJUSTICE 750,000 453,943 83,730 61% 800,000 486,142 85,648 61% LEASEHOLD EXCISE TAX 26,000 15,267 6,872 59% 30,000 20,470 1,015 68% FOREST EXCISE TAX 100,000 149,725 0 150% 100,000 187,860 0 188% FRANCHISE FEES 500,000 239,791 0 48% 500,000 229,112 0 46% PAYMENT IN LIEU OFTAX/B OF L 315,000 331,886 331,886 105% 340,000 354,065 354,065 104% PUD PRIVILEGE TAX 735,000 - 0 0% 750,000 797,422 0 106% DNR OTHER TRUST 2 100 24 2 24% 100 119 101 119% LE&CJ LEG 1 TIME COSTS 0% - - 0 0% CITY-COUNTY ASSISTANCE 1,415,000 966,506 470,294 68% 1,750,000 2,460,999 1,271,363 141% DNR PILT NAP/NRCA 4,000 - 0 0% 4,000 - 0 0% CRIMINALJUSTICE-COUNTIES 700,000 383,183 0 55% 775,000 386,231 0 50% ADULT COURT COST-JUVENILE OFFE 5,000 2,008 402 40% 5,000 2,287 381 46% CRIMINAL JST-MARIJUANA ENFORCE 85,000 42,820 21,410 50% 85,000 62,000 31,000 73% DUI-OTHER CRIMINAL JUSTICE A 14,500 8,550 0 59% 17,000 8,814 0 52% LIQUOR/BEER EXCISE TAX 125,000 83,848 0 67% 165,000 84,777 0 51% LIQUOR CONTROL BOARD PROFITS 200,000 100,141 50,071 50% 200,000 99,383 49,691 50% IN LIEU OF-CITY OF TACOMA 190,000 103,245 0 54% 210,000 108,381 56,759 52% TREASURER'S FEES - 30 15 0% 30 - 0 0% PAYMNT FOR SRVCS-MASON LK DIST 360 - 0 0% 360 0 0% PAYMNT FOR SRVCS-SPENCER LK FND 100 0 0% 100 0 0% PAYMNT FOR SRVCS-ISLAND LK FND 100 - 0 0% 100 0 0% CHARGES FOR SRVCS-MACECOM 1,325 1,372 1,372 104% 1,375 - 0 0% RETURNED REMITTANCE(NSF)FEES 2,500 1,160 160 46% 2,500 1,480 400 59% REET COLLECTION FEES 100,000 78,700 17,644 79% 125,000 84,803 15,581 68% REET COLLECTIONS COSTS 9,000 4,780 855 53% 10,000 4,452 815 45% TREAS.FIRE PROTECTION ASSESSM 15,000 9,981 316 67% 15,000 9,838 305 66% 3 Treasurer Department Receipts Treasurer#001-260-000 2021 Budget 2021 YTD This Month %2021 2022 Budget 2022 YTD This Month %2022 TREAS OTHER WORD PROCESSING 5 8 1 19% __0_ 14 1 73% PUBLIC DISCLOSURE CHGS SRVCS 5 - 0 0% 0 0% DATA PROCESSING SERVICES 100 0 0% 0 0% GAMBLING TAX PENALTY - 200 0 0% - 400 0 0% REAL&PERSONAL PENALTY 350,000 189,807 40,207 54% 150,000 143,209 10,779 95% PERSONAL PROP FILING PEN 20,000 18,568 519 93% 20,000 13,286 460 66% PENALTY ON REAL&PERSONAL PRO - 4,501 389 0% - - 0 0% FAILURE TO LIST PERSONAL PROP - 19 0 0% - - 0 0% INTEREST&OTHER EARNINGS 500,000 65,330 6,486 13% 250,000 121,973 42,045 49% INVESTMENT SERVICEFEES(TREAS. 20,000 2,604 340 13% 6,000 4,511 1,499 75% INT.ON CONT.NOTES-ACCTS.HELD,S 8,500 4,875 712 57% 8,500 5,257 982 62% LEASEHOLD EXCISE TAX INTEREST - 3 1 0% - 3 1 0% EXCISE INTEREST 50 34 0 67% 50 62 130 125% INV PURCHASED INT - (812) 0 0% - (482) (482) 0% INTEREST ON DELINQUENT PR TAX 600,000 333,529 46,019 56% 600,000 303,964 50,003 51% RENTS/LEASES-DNR TRUST 10,000 4,635 4 46% 10,000 8,289 4,443 83% RENTS/LEASES-DNR TMBR TRUST 1 250,000 487,935 168,517 195% 250,000 97,285 32,031 39% UNCLAIMED MONEY/PROCEEDS-SALES 225,000 177,935 0 79% 100,877 102,188 0 101% TREASURER TAX FORECLOSURE TRUST - - 0 0% - - 0 0% CASH ADJUSTMENTS/OVER-UNDER 10 (264) (114) -2641% 10 (232) (128) -2316% TAX DISTRIBUTION ROUNDING 10 - 0 0% 10 (40) (2) -401% MISCELLANEOUS-OTHER REVENUE 100 26 0 26% 100 227 0 227% ROAD DIVERSION 1,080,000 641,492 13,853 59% 1,080,000 628,232 12,701 58% SALE OF TAX TITLE PROPERTY - - 0 0% - (87) 0 0% LEASEHOLD EXCISE TAX 2,000 (802) 709 -40% 2,000 773 106 39% TIMBER EXCISE TAX 10,000 15,854 0 159% 10,000 (5,708) 0 -57% DNR PILT NAP/NRCA 0 0% 900 - 0 0% DNR OTHER TRUST 2 900 (915) 0 -102% 50 899 10 1798% OTHER INT-DNR INTEREST 50 22 5 45% 10 (413) 0 -4127% RENTS&LEASES/DNR OTHRTRST 1 10 36,527 17,872 365267% 2,500 (1,927) 463 -77% SPACE AND FACILITIES LEASES 2,500 0 0% 25,000 (70,165) 3,338 -281% Grand Total $26,206,041 $15,433,119 2,135,5897559% $26,983,596 $17,624,131 2,912,639 65% Unaudited *Benchmark for Month is 50% 4 MASON COUNTY MONTHLY FINANCIAL JUTE 2022 REPORT 2021 vs 2022 Current Expense Expenditure Comparison Expenditures Expenditures Unexended 2021 Budget through End of Unexended %2021 2022 Budget through End of Budget %2022 Actual mt zozl Department Name g g g g g va 2022 Month Budget Authority Month Author' WSU Extension 319,520 116,194 203,326 36% 347,244 120,357 226,887 35% 4,162 Assessor 1,420,286 686,289 733,997 48% 1,453,707 730,165 723,542 50% 43,876 Auditor 1,757,620 780,999 976,621 44% 1,887,225 877,829 1,009,396 1 47% 96,830 Emergency Management 313,592 144,781 168,811 46% 353,422 135,620 217,802 1 38% (9,161) Facilities&Grounds 1,383,584 593,071 790,513 43% 1,440,148 637,746 802,402 44% 44,674 HR/Risk Mngt 608,086 255,377 352,709 42% 679,310 242,910 436,400 36% (12,467) LEOFF 100,044 33,346 66,698 33% 100,000 41,183 58,817 41% 7,838 Clerk 1,108,730 566,552 542,178 51% 1,128,716 572,998 555,718 51% 6,445 Commissioners 355,610 171,324 184,286 48% 357,704 177,232 180,472 50% 5,908 Support Services 745,933 357,282 388,651 48% 1,005,923 501,093 504,831 50% 143,810 District Court 1,376,288 672,620 703,668 49% 1,458,412 655,054 803,358 45% (17,566) Community Development 2,743,159 1,324,066 1,419,093 48% 2,976,073 1,344,282 1,631,791 45% 20,215 Historical Preservation 16,000 2,810 13,190 18% 24,000 2,335 21,665 10% (475) Parks&Trails 568,121 287,948 280,173 51% 795,136 348,020 447,116 44% 60,072 Juvenile Court Services 2,028,280 915,676 1,112,604 45% 2,022,773 877,922 1,144,851 43% (37,754) Prosecutor 1,876,838 782,202 1,094,636 42% 2,080,150 825,343 1,254,807 40% 43,141 Child Support Enforcement 160,462 53,885 106,577 34% 161,447 54,493 106,954 34% 607 Coroner 345,276 168,153 177,123 49% 347,914 167,629 180,285 48% (524) Sheriff 13,475,735 5,845,872 7,629,863 43% 13,967,209 6,214,732 7,752,477 44% 368,860 Traffic Policing 1,080,000 1,020,523 59,477 94% 1,080,000 867,721 212,279 80% (152,802) Courthouse Security 170,740 109,265 61,475 64% 303,755 134,306 169,449 44% 25,041 Indigent Defense 1,261,101 590,387 670,714 47% 1,271,847 613,922 657,925 48% 23,535 Superior Court 1,024,647 598,793 425,854 58% 1,132,810 506,838 625,972 45% (91,956) Family Court 2,500 - 2,500 0•I, 2,500 - 2,500 0% 0 Therapeutic Court 724,863 317,301 407,562 44% 816,662 250,292 566,370 31% (67,009) Murder Expenditures 50,000 10,731 39,269 21% 50,000 2,845 47,156 6% (7,887) Treasurer 872,579 428,112 444,467 49% 878,239 436,767 441,472 50% 8,655 Non Departmental 4,889,779 1,689,078 3,200,701 35% 5,316,129 1,892,217 3,423,912 36% 203,138 Motor Pool 49,538 14,263 35,275 29% 50,829 18,435 32,394 36% 4,172 Transfers Out to Other Funds 91,339 79,993 11,346 88% 466,282 78,717 387,565 17% (1,276) Totals $ 40,920,250 $ 18,616,895 $ 22,303,355 45% $ 43,955,566 $ 19,328,999 $ 24,626,567 44% 712,104 Unaudited*Benchmarkfor Month is 50% J:\Financials\2022 Financials\2022 June Financial Reportl.xlsx 5 JUNE 2022 Six Year Specific Revenue Streams Comparison 6/30/2017 6/30/2018 6/30/2019 6/30/2020 6/30/2021 6/30/2022 Community Development Revenues 776,568 881,597 924,261 1,108,368 1,633,277 1,195,690 Detention&Correction Services 14,683 15,277 8,939 53,455 97,005 38,019 Current Expense Property Taxes 5,534,346 5,540,388 5,802,856 5,718,771 6,591,783 6,614,121 Road Diversion Property Tax 864,689 1,225,976 1,255,967 1,225,659 641,492 628,232 County Road Property Tax 4,726,301 4,890,391 5,145,720 5,132,053 5,399,519 5,403,046 Current Expense Sales Tax 2,220,007 2,423,066 2,742,266 2,871,545 3,858,057 4,244,973 Criminal Justice Taxes/Entitlements 610,598 643,071 695,200 740,497 890,505 945,474 Rural Sales & Use Tax Fund 291,581 315,449 375,504 381,725 479,325 514,154 550,000 275.000 _ Com Srvcs-Homelessess Preven Filings 213,356 226,327 310,764 364,896 492,507 383,595 400,000 200,000 Lodging (Hotel/Motel)Tax 145,751 164,521 201,378 142,953 329,314 391,570 400,000 200.000 - - REET 1 Excise Tax Only 490,532 569,305 576,906 582,710 893,310 941,512 REET 2 Excise Tax Only 490,532 569,305 576,906 582,710 893,310 941,512 1,000,000 500.000 J:\Financials\2022 Financials\2022 June Financial Reportl.xlsx 6 MASON COUNTY MONTHLY Y FINANCIAL REPORT JUNE 2022 txsr REVENUE MONTH 12021 REVENUE F 2022 REVENUE DIFFERENCE JANUARY $ 571,994.75 $ 678,071.10 $ 106,076.35 FEBRUARY $ 705,713.58 $ 735,573.58 $ 29,860.00 MARCH $ 554,356.28 $ 605,844.73 $ 51,488.45 APRIL $ 561,429.19 $ 648,208.19 $ 86,779.00 MAY $ 740,012.36 $ 819,079.72 $ 79,067.36 J U N E $ 724,550.39 $ 758,195.22 $ 33,644.83 JULY $ 754,454.16 $ (754,454.16) AUGUST $ 800,707.00 $ (800,707.00) SEPTEMBER $ 772,689.33 $ (772,689.33) OCTOBER $ 741,525.90 $ (741,525.90) NOVEMBER $ 749,235.68 $ (749,235.68) DECEMBER $ 723,458.79 $ (723,458.79) TOTAL COLLECTED REVENUE $ 8,400,127.41 $ 4,244,972.54 PROJECTED END OF YEAR REVENUE REVENUE BUDGETED $ 6,250,000.00 $ 7,200,000.00 $ 8,787,043.40 YET TO BE COLLECTED $ (2,955,027.46) ANTICIPATED INCREASE $ 1,587,043.40 2 MONTH ROLLING AVERAGE CHANGE 15.70 Eli PRIOR MONTH 12 MO. ROLLING AVG CHANGE 1 J:\Financials\2022 Financials\2022 June Financial Report1.xlsx 7 *1854 JUNE 2022 Six Year Financial Recap Current Expense Recap 6/30/2017 6/30/2018 6/30/2019 6/30/2020 6/30/2021 6/30/2022 Account Receivable from Belfair Sewer 1,200,000 General Fund Operating Reserves 6,520,791 6,817,603 10,044,540 9,614,040 Contingency Reserve 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 Technology Replacement Reserves 200,000 200,000 264,295 336,000 Equipment&Vehicle Replacement Reserves 525,000 525,000 932,475 1,040,500 Accrued Leave Reserve 520,000 530,805 347,742 502,000 Current Expense Unreserved Cash 2,421,805 4,804,148 7,588,831 14,137,565 This Month Current Expense Cash 5,567,459 6,685,419 11,187,596 13,877,555 20,177,883 26,630,105 Adopted Budget on December 31st 38,545,163 36,930,990 41,404,349 49,581,229 53,464,511 62,188,434 Supplemental Appropriations 591,099 1,035,267 250,106 407,320 119,775 275,304 Total Budget including Supplementals 39,136,262 37,966,257 41,654,455 $ 49,988,549 53,584,286 62,463,738 Budgeted Beginning Fund Balance 7,309,944 3,061,750 5,786,719 11,636,958 14,000,000 21,694,824 Budgeted Ending Fund Balance 3,196,819 3,729,495 5,523,921 11,291,981 12,664,036 18,508,172 Revenue Budgets 31,238,085 34,904,507 35,867,736 38,351,591 39,584,286 40,768,914 Revenues thru This Month of each year 18,356,551 18,454,300 19,543,688 18,885,563 22,412,140 24,264,280 Budgeted Revenues Received 59% 53% 54% 49% 57% 60% Expenditure Budgets 35,939,443 34,236,762 36,130,534 38,696,568 40,920,250 43,955,566 Expenditures thru This Month of each year 15,345,892 15,872,719 16,403,830 17,645,193 18,616,895 19,328,999 Budgeted Expenditures Expended 43% 46% 45% 46% 45% 44% 8 J:\Financials\2022 Financials\2022 June Financial Reportl.xlsx Special Fund Cash Balances 6/30/2017 6/30/2018 6/30/2019 6/30/2020 6/30/2021 6/30/2022 Rural County Sales&Use Tax Fund (.09) 303,689 330,662 463,702 657,588 989,892 1,843,490 Auditor's 0&M 189,677 222,853 237,090 257,415 327,619 404,564 County Roads Fund 10,887,671 11,676,037 10,502,294 12,696,902 13,196,251 12,745,242 Paths&Trails 238,398 252,302 263,769 275,803 284,039 292,918 Election Equipment Holding 268,285 181,922 169,490 228,497 243,364 282,733 Crime Victims 225,131 219,483 176,696 201,819 214,241 209,602 Victim Witness Activities 63,439 26,740 31,207 25,092 21,951 12,256 Historical Preservation Fund 38,254 39,681 36,808 37,636 Community Support Services Fund 427,736 469,937 754,760 871,359 1,232,901 1,882,025 Abatement/Repair/Demolition Fund 267,351 271,285 276,145 279,259 278,257 277,475 Reserve for Technology Fund 173,753 177,701 92,690 REET&Property Tax Admin Asst 72,497 66,927 70,766 66,010 78,004 87,437 National Forest Safety 44,564 26,720 49,297 44,136 18,890 26,627 Trial Court Improvement Fund 69,682 94,687 103,453 120,522 82,566 102,677 Sheriff Special Funds 254,144 269,446 242,918 Sheriff's Boating Program 128,323 133,519 144,560 Narcotics Investigation 83,621 92,871 97,909 Mason County Clean Water District 112,239 Public Health Fund 207,468 109,398 212,354 665,049 1,190,947 1,906,314 American Rescue Plan Act 6,133,269 4,661,700 Law Library 85,604 79,453 73,677 64,070 53,104 44,468 Lodging(Motel/Hotel)Tax Fund 337,984 436,409 589,983 715,000 890,660 1,294,273 Mental Health Tax Fund 1,543,339 1,412,610 1,436,339 1,446,685 1,737,543 1,892,972 Treasurer's M&O Fund 140,766 143,428 165,342 196,995 97,216 189,720 Veterans Assistance 200,439 198,607 74,730 88,913 139,763 193,772 Skokomish Flood Zone 193,843 209,887 25,630 69,289 19,954 13,226 Mason Lake Management District 110,163 131,844 156,300 129,577 90,577 89,619 Spencer Lake Management District 7,712 14,048 16,320 Island Lake Management District 21,535 22,871 25,324 34,418 28,149 34,589 Capital Improvement/Reet 1 Fund 949,843 1,570,926 1,868,591 1,933,595 1,475,889 1,649,954 Capital Improvement/Reet 2 Fund 21421,062 2,525,051 2,623,395 2,984,530 3,607,130 5,144,453 Mason County Landfill 694,007 933,356 285,872 1,008,012 1,772,944 2,720,837 N. Bay/Case Inlet Utility 861,795 923,087 815,281 1,445,191 1,767,985 2,117,167 N.Bay/Case Inlet Utility Reserve 719 727 360 - Wastewater System Development 3,986 3,986 3,986 3,986 3,986 Rustlewood Sewer&Water 382,672 267,297 329,330 126,306 73,209 136,006 Beards Cove Water 318,544 401,305 435,275 514,385 578,269 674,638 Belfair WW&Water Reclamation 184,146 377,698 613,861 801,737 1,148,111 1,643,294 Reserve Landfill 511,803 497,224 474,222 447,615 444,198 441,833 Reserve Beards Cove Ulid 334,106 349,902 195,303 205,212 212,004 219,486 Storm Drain System Development 57,684 63,757 184,087 180,745 179,354 178,626 Information Technology 134,427 427,988 495,125 581,361 223,921 177,486 Equipment Rental&Revolving Fund 3,235,595 3,782,221 4,228,500 2,460,662 2,054,873 3,689,950 Unemployment Fund 192,060 185,369 189,425 192,559 207,676 251,391 mancia inancaa s June Financialsx 26.647.861 29,380,783 28,973,378 32,277,589 41,339,144 47,903,847 MONTHLY FINANCIAL s� REPORT JUNE 2022 2022 Current Expense and Health Fund Motor Pool Budget to Actual Expenditures FUND OR DEPARTMENT ORIGINAL REVISED YTD MP AVAILABLE %USED APPROP BUDGET EXPENDED BUDGET WSU 0 1,500 689 811 45.91% ASSESSOR 29,963 29,963 13,593 16,370 45.37% EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT 990 990 446 544 45.05% FACILITIES&GROUNDS 27,731 27,731 9,364 18,367 33.77% COMMUNITY SERVICES 47,254 47,254 22,866 24,388 48.39% PARKS&TRAILS 57,615 57,615 6,137 51,478 10.65% JUVENILE COURT SERVICES 8,006 8,006 4,657 3,349 58.16% PROSECUTOR 6,691 6,691 3,281 3,410 49.04% CORONER 14,250 14,250 8,267 5,983 58.02% SHERIFF ADMIN 1,202,975 1,202,975 900,040 302,935 74.82% MOTOR POOL 50,829 50,829 18,435 32,394 36.27% Total 001 GENERAL FUND 1,446,304 1,447,804 987,776 460,028 68.23% SHERIFF'S BOATING PROGRAM 0 0 1,009 -1,009 0% COMMUNITY SERVICES HEALTH 57,077 57,077 26,4721 30,605 46.38% AMERICAN RESCUE PLAN ACT 0 0% TOTAL SPECIAL FUNDS 57,077 57,077 27,480 29,597 48.15% Total GENERAL FUND&SPECIAL FUNDS 1,503,381 1,504,881 1,015,256 489,6251 67.46% TOTAL MOTOR POOL EXPENDITURES BY ORIGINAL REVISED YTD MP AVAILABLE OF TOTAL OBJECT CODE APPROP BUDGET EXPENDED BUDGET MOTOR POOL SALARIES&BENEFITS 39,689 39,689 17,742 21,947 44.70% MOTOR POOL SUPPLIES 80,150 80,150 18,650 61,500 23.27% MOTOR POOL FUEL 245,045 245,045 156,361 88,684 63.81% MOTOR POOL LEASE 226,180 226,180 279,960 -53,780 123.78% MOTOR POOL MAINT-MONTHLY 15,730 17,230 5,661 11,569 32.86% MOTOR POOL REPAIRS& MISC. 62,100 62,100 23,668 38,432 38.11% MOTOR POOL INSURANCE 20,170 20,170 1,890 18,280 9.37% MOTOR POOL CAPITAL LEASE 406,717 406,717 2,972 403,745 0.73% MOTOR POOL CAP UPFIT 407,600 407,600 508,353 -100,753 124.72% Total GENERAL FUND& HEALTH FUND 1,503,381 1,504,881 1,015,256 489,625 67.46% Unaudited *Benchmark for month is 50% 10 MASON COUNTY MONTHLY FINANCIAL REPORT DUNE. 2022 2021 vs 2022 Special and Other Funds Revenue Comparison Revenue Revenue Fund Collected Collected Actual dif 2021 Fund Name 2021 Budget Uncollected °/6 2021 2022 Budget Uncollected %2022 NO. Through End Through End of Month Revenue of Month Revenue vs 2o22 103 Sales&Use Tax 728,500 479,898 (248,602) 66% 866,000 516,147 (349,853) 60% 36,248 104 Auditor's 0&M 127,500 46,291 (81,209) 36% 140,250 35,907 (104,343) 26% (10,384) 105 lCounty Road 17,402,782 9,101,626 (8,301,156) 52% 1 21,367,763 9,347,984 (12,019,779) 44% 246,358 106 Paths&Trails 12,695 4,885 (7,810) 38% 10,136 5,271 (4,865) 52% 386 109 Election Equipment Holdings 65,850 16,586 (49,264) 25% 42,250 35,356 (6,894) 84% 18,770 110 Crime Victims 41,910 49,935 8,025 119% 41,910 39,365 (2,545) 94% (10,570) 114 Victim Witness Activities 55,683 1,608 (54,075) 3% 55,683 15,996 (39,687) 29% 14,388 117 Community Support Services 1,675,600 1,968,853 293,253 118% 8,572,928 5,662,673 (2,910,255) 66% 3,693,820 118 Abatement 7,920 159 (7,761) 2% 7,920 359 (7,561) 5% 200 120 REET&Property Tax Admin 20,250 12,760 (7,490) 63% 25,600 11,386 (14,214) 44% (1,374) 134 National Forest Safety 21,457 20,996 (461) 98% 21,457 25,638 4,181 119% 4,642 135 Trial Court Improvements 22,672 11,326 (11,346) 50% 22,652 11,342 (11,310) 50% 16 141 Sheriff's Boating Program 38,979 31,212 (7,767) 80% 38,800 - (38,800) 0% (31,212) 142 Narcotics Investigation Fund 7,500 6,006 (1,494) 80% 6,000 1,391 (4,609) 23% (4,616) 145 Mason County Clean Water District 0% 190,000 112,239 (77,761) 59% 112,239 150 Community Services Health 2,340,630 2,564,463 223,833 110% 3,398,154 2,487,633 (910,521) 73% (76,829) 155 American Rescue Plan Act 6,484,451 6,484,451 - 100% 6,484,450 5,890 (6,478,560) 0% (6,478,560) 160 Law Library 24,900 11,197 (13,703) 45% 24,900 11,341 (13,559) 46% 144 163 Lodging Tax(Hotel/Motel) 392,000 329,385 (62,615) 84% 500,500 391,731 (108,769) 78% 62,347 164 Mental Health 1,231,968 737,109 (494,859) 60% 1,243,736 704,324 (539,412) 57% (32,785) 180 Treasurer's M&O Fund 199,210 53,906 (145,304) 27% 338,999 197,167 (141,832) 58% 143,261 190 Veterans Assistance 140,060 88,430 (51,630) 63% 1 141,340 84,478 (56,862) 60% (3,952) 192 Skokomish Flood Zone 20,500 861 (19,639) 4% 10,020,250 - (10,020,2S0) 0% (861) 194 Mason Lake Mngmt Dist#2 36,500 20,786 (15,714) 57% 37,900 21,791 (16,109) 57% 1,004 195 Spencer Lake Mngmt Dist#3 14,500 9,005 (5,495) 62% 15,225 9,300 (5,925) 61% 296 199 Island Lake Mngmt Dist#1 10,000 5,712 (4,288) 57% 10,000 5,781 (4,219) 58% 69 3S0 REET 1 Capital Improvements 1,220,000 896,109 (323,891) 73% 1,562,000 943,706 (618,294) 60% 47,598 351 REET 2 Capital Improvements 1,210,000 1,106,338 (103,662) 91% 1,505,000 1 947,509 (557,491) 63% (158,829) 402 Mason County Landfill 4,694,521 2,745,218 (1,949,303) S8% 5,868,714 3,034,123 (2,834,591) 52% 288,906 403 N.Bay/Case Inlet Utility 2,197,857 1,184,608 (1,013,249) 54% 2,404,398 1,088,033 (1,316,365) 45% (96,575) 411 Rustlewood Sewer&Water 376,725 131,296 (245,429) 35% 544,257 155,211 (389,046) 29% 23,914 412 Beards Cove Water 232,793 106,629 (126,164) 46% 332,230 130,053 (202,177) 39% 23,424 413 Belfair WW&Water Reclamation 4,307,203 4,691,751 384,548 109% 11,209,208 916,291 (10,292,917) 8% (3,775,460) 428 Reserve Landfill 6,000 254 (5,746) 4% 1 700 1 572 (128) 82% 319 429 Reserve Beards Cove ULID 11,500 5,504 (5,996) 48% 10,800 6,334 (4,466) 59% 830 480 Storm Drain System Development S00 - (500) 0% S00 - (500) 0% - 500 Information Technology Dept 962,574 482,452 (480,122) 50% 922,819 461,360 (461,460) 50% (21,093) 501 Equipment Rental&Revolving 4,272,791 117,915 (4,154,876) 3% 2,840,187 216,068 (2,624,119) 8% 98,153 S02 Unemployment Fund 73,805 73,906 101 100% 73,420 73,420 - 100% (486) Tatalls $50,690,286 $33,599,425 $ (17,090,861) 66% $80,899,036 1 27,713,170 1 $ (53,185,866) 34% 1 (5,886,254) J:\Financials\2022 Financials\2022 June Financial Report1.xlsx MASON COUNTY MONTHLY FINANCIAL REPORT JUNE 2022 2021 vs 2022 Special and Other Funds Expenditure Comparison Fund Expenditures Expenditures Actual dif 2021 Fund Name 2021 Budget through End of Unexpended %2021 2022 Budget through End of Unexpended %2022 vs 2022 No. Fund Budget Authority Month Budget Authority 103 Sales&Use Tax 663,051 476,661 186,391 72% 660,415 26,007 634,408 4% (450,653) 104 Auditor's O&M 88,667 47,044 41,623 53% 108,074 62,331 45,743 58% 15,287 105 1 County Road 21,570,530 6,937,444 14,633,086 32% 22,849,454 6,210,235 16,639,219 27% (727,209) 106 Paths&Trails 2,238 952 1,286 43% 1 2,223 1 963 1,260 43% it 109 Election Equipment Holdings 52,040 914 51,126 2% 51,781 753 51,028 1% (161) 110 Crime Victims 98,649 41,555 57,094 42% 99,426 42,990 56,436 43% 1,435 114 Victim Witness Activities 63,345 3,796 59,549 6% 55,635 17,723 37,912 32% 13,927 116 Historical Preservation 60,000 48,147 11,853 80% - - - 0% (48,147) 117 Community Support Services 1,787,561 1,871,333 (83,772) 105% 8,250,242 4,819,662 3,430,580 58% 2,948,329 118 Abatement 54,336 575 53,761 1% 54,296 578 53,718 1% 3 120 REET&Property Tax Admin 64,672 12,058 52,614 19% 100,589 13,167 87,422 13% 1,108 134 National Forest Safety 41,457 18,136 23,321 44% 26,525 4,079 22,446 15% (14,057) 135 Trial Court Improvements 51,380 275 51,105 1% 54,213 989 53,224 2% 714 141 Sheriff's Boating Program 38,890 17,126 21,764 44% 42,533 1 11,163 31,370 26% (5,963) 142 Narcotics Investigation Fund 8,204 4,084 4,120 50% 7,669 1,325 6,344 17% (2,759) 145 1 Mason County Clean Water District 100,000 - 100,000 0% 150 I Community Services Health 2,756,733 1,393,881 1,362,852 51% 3,382,359 1,933,847 1,448,512 57% 539,966 155 American Rescue Plan Act 6,484,451 351,182 6,133,269 5% 11,541,329 401,069 11,140,260 3% 49,887 160 Law Library 36,272 16,215 1 20,057 45% 36,307 16,081 20,226 44% (134) 163 Lodging Tax(Hotel/Motel) 762,548 205,002 557,546 27% 772,900 197,567 575,333 26% (7,435) 164 Mental Health 1,500,623 395,866 1,104,757 26% 1,491,138 445,415 1,045,723 30% 49,549 180 Treasurer's M&O Fund 293,195 51,840 241,355 18% 395,672 64,120 331,552 16% 12,280 190 Veterans Assistance 191,422 48,343 143,079 25% 241,340 51,493 189,847 21% 3,149 192 Skokomish Flood Zone 53,319 5,039 48,280 9% 10,035,620 2,144 10,033,476 0% (2,895) 194 Mason Lake Mngmt Dist#2 145,500 3,855 141,646 3% 106,877 1,149 105,728 1% (2,706) 195 Spencer Lake Mngmt Dist#3 19,650 1,750 17,900 9% 22,017 169 21,848 1% (1,581) 199 Island Lake Mngmt Dist#1 40,650 7,831 32,819 19% 30,000 300 29,700 1% (7,531) 350 REET 1 Capital Improvements 2,027,776 1,709,522 318,254 84% 2,101,978 1,303,947 798,031 62% (405,574) 351 1 REET 2 Capital Improvements 2,090,995 646,494 1,444,501 31% 2,103,831 33,488 2,070,343 2% (613,006) 402 Mason County Landfill 4,876,235 2,377,844 2,498,391 49% 6,433,279 2,387,492 4,045,787 37% 9,648 403 N.Bay/Case Inlet Utility 2,217,382 840,823 1,376,559 38% 2,110,929 747,908 1,363,021 35% (92,915) 405 Wastewater System Development 3,986 - 3,986 0% - - - 0% - 411 Rustlewood Sewer&Water 482,065 134,613 347,452 28% 665,793 1 152,219 513,574 23% 17,606 412 Beards Cove Water 218,444 73,515 144,929 34% 327,750 59,751 1 267,999 18% (13,764) 413 Belfair WW&Water Reclamation 4,548,656 3,953,279 595,377 1 87% 7,604,413 467,291 7,137,122 6% (3,485,988) 428 Reserve Landfill 301,780 890 300,890 0% 301,597 2,259 299,338 1% 1,369 429 Reserve Beards Cove ULID 4,286 2,143 2,143 50% 4,508 2,254 2,254 50% ill 480 Storm Drain System Development 1,029 417 612 41% 571 195 376 34% (222) 500 Information Technology Dept 1 961,722 1 466,115 495,607 48% 987,073 1 501,586 485,487 1 51% 1 35,471 501 Equipment Rental&Revolving 5,219,823 2,246,530 2,973,293 43% 3,987,878 1,328,210 2,659,668 33% (918,319) 502 Unemployment Fund 230,005 46,619 183,386 20% 234,420 18,257 216,163 8% ('28,362) Totals $ 60,113,567 $ 24,459.706 $ 35,653,861 1 41% 1 1 $ 87,382,654 1 $ 21,330,175 $ 66,052,479 24% (3,129,531) J:\Financials\2022 Financials\2022 June Financial Report1.xlsx 12 • Mason County Community Services — Briefing July 11, 2022 Briefing Items Appointing a Building Official—Kell Historic Preservation Commission News Release—Michael Olympic Health and Recovery Services Rural Communities Opioid Response Plan Amendment—Melissa MASON COUNTY BRIEFING ITEM SUMMARY FORM TO: BOARD OF MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS FROM: Kell Rowen DEPARTMENT: Community Development EXT: 286 BRIEFING DATE: July 11, 2022 PREVIOUS BRIEFING DATES: None If this is a follow-up briefing, please provide only new information INTERNAL REVIEW (please check all that apply): ❑ Budget/Finance ❑ Human Resources ❑ Legal ❑ Other— please explain ITEM: Appointing a building official. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: (If applicable, please include available options and potential solutions): Washington State requires each city and county, including Mason County to adopt the International Building Code (IBC) and the International Residential Code (IRC). Per IBC Section 103, Mason County shall appoint a Building Official to serve as an effective and adequate administrator of the codes. BUDGET IMPACT: None PUBLIC OUTREACH:(Include any legal requirements, direct notice,website,community meetings, etc.) None RECOMMENDED OR REQUESTED ACTION: Authorize the appointment of Todd Cunningham, Building Inspector V as the Mason County Building Official. ATTACHMENTS: Statutory requirement Briefing Summary 7/7/2022 Building Official Assignment Statutory Path: ➢ RCW 19.27 State Building Code Adoption • State of Washington Adopts the Codes as published with amendments. RCW 19.27 (Code Adoption References) (WAC Amendments) ➢ Ref for Codes adopted (et seq) RCW 19.27.031 State Building Code—Adoption—Conflicts—Opinions. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter,there shall be in effect in all counties and cities the state building code which shall consist of the following codes which are hereby adopted by reference: (1)(a)The International Building Code, published by the International Code Council, Inc.; (b)The International Residential Code, published by the International Code Council, Inc. ➢ Mason County Code (MCC)Title 14"Buildings and Construction"; Chapter 14.04 Building Codes Adopted". ➢ International Building Code (IBC) Chapter 1, "Scope and Administration"Application of use. This code is intended to be adopted as a legally enforceable document and it cannot be effective without adequate provisions for its administration and enforcement. The provisions of Chapter 1 establish the authority and duties of the code official appointed by the authority having jurisdiction and also establish the rights and privileges of the design professional, contractor and property owner. Chapter 1 is largely concerned with maintaining "due process of law"in enforcing the building performance criteria contained in the body of the code. Code development reminder: Code change proposals to this chapter will be considered by the Administrative Code Development Committee during the 2019(Group B)Code Development Cycle.See explanation on page iv. SECTION 103 DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING SAFETY A]103.1 Creation of enforcement agency. `he Department of Building Safety is hereby created and the official in charge thereof shall be known as the building official. A]103.2 Appointment. i he building official shall be appointed by the chief appointing authority of the jurisdiction. A]103.3 Deputies. n accordance with the prescribed procedures of this jurisdiction and with the concurrence of the appointing authority, the building official shall have the authority to appoint a deputy building official, the related technical officers, inspectors, plan examiners and other employees. Such employees shall have )owers as delegated by the building official.For the maintenance of existing properties,see the International Property Maintenance Code. MASON COUNTY BRIEFING ITEM SUMMARY FORM TO: BOARD OF MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS FROM: Michael MacSems DEPARTMENT: Community Development EXT: 571 BRIEFING DATE: 07/11/2022 PREVIOUS BRIEFING DATES: N/A If this is a follow-up briefing, please provide only new information INTERNAL REVIEW (please check all that apply): ❑ Budget/Finance ❑ Human Resources ❑ Legal ❑ Other— please explain ITEM: News Release to advertise for four open positions on the Historic Preservation Commission board. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: (If applicable, please include available options and potential solutions) The Mason County Commissioners are seeking an applicant to fill up to four open positions on the Mason County Historic Preservation Commission. The major responsibility of the Historic Preservation Commission is to identify and actively encourage the conservation of Mason County's historic resources by initiating and maintaining a register of historic places and reviewing proposed changes to register properties. They also work to raise community awareness of Mason County's history and historic resources and serve as Mason County's primary resource in matters of history, historic planning, and preservation. Commission members serve three-year terms and meet monthly, during business hours, at the County offices in Shelton. During COVID these meetings are being held via Zoom. There are four positions open due to unexpected vacancies recruiting difficulties. Applicants must be residents of Mason County. BUDGET IMPACT: None PUBLIC OUTREACH: (Include any legal requirements,direct notice,website,community meetings,etc.) News Release, see attached. RECOMMENDED OR REQUESTED ACTION: Move to action agenda for July 19th, 2022 ATTACHMENTS: • News Release from HPC, Current HPC Roster Briefing Summary 6/22/2022 NEWS RELEASE July 19th, 2022 MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS 411 NORTH 5T" ST SHELTON, WA 98584 (360) 427-9670 EXT. 419 TO: KMAS, KRXY, SHELTON-MASON COUNTY JOURNAL, THE OLYMPIAN, SHELTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, NORTH MASON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, CITY OF SHELTON, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL, THE SUN RE: Mason County Historic Preservation Commission The Mason County Commissioners are seeking applicants to fill four open positions on the Mason County Historic Preservation Commission. The major responsibility of the Historic Preservation Commission is to identify and actively encourage the conservation of Mason County's historic resources by initiating and maintaining a register of historic places and reviewing proposed changes to register properties. They also work to raise community awareness of Mason County's history and historic resources and serve as Mason County's primary resource in matters of history, historic planning, and preservation. Commission members serve three-year terms and meet monthly, during business hours, at the County offices in Shelton. During COVID these meetings are being held via Zoom. There are currently four positions open. Applicants must be residents of Mason County. Interested persons are encouraged to apply for this commission by completing an advisory board form that can be downloaded from our website— http://www.co.mason.wa.us/forms/advisory/AdvisorVboardapp.pdf or by calling the Commissioners' office at 427-9670 ext. 419 or 275-4467 ext. 419. Completed applications should be submitted in the Commissioners' office at 411 N 51h Street, Shelton. Positions are open until filled. If there are questions about theses positions, please contact Michael MacSems at 427- 9670 ext. 571 or by e-mail at HPC(d-)masoncountywa.gov BOARD OF MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS Kevin Shutty Sharon Trask Randy Neatherlin Chair Commissioner Commissioner 2022 Mason County Historic Preservation Commission Membership List Jann Goodpaster Vice Chair Nov 2024 Vacant Nov 2024 Vacant Nov 2022 Vacant Nov 2022 David Dally Nov 2022 Edgar Huber Chair,Professional Expertise Nov 2023 Vacant Nov 2023 Rhonda Foster Ex-Officio Member THPO Squaxin Tribe Kris Miller Ex-Officio Member THPO Skokomish Tribe MASON COUNTY BRIEFING ITEM SUMMARY FORM To: Board of Mason County Commissioners From: Melissa Casey Department: Community Health Ext: 404 Briefing Date: 7/11/22 Previous Briefing Dates: If this is a follow-up briefing, please provide only new information Internal Review (please check all that apply): ❑ Budget/Finance ❑ Human Resources ❑ Legal ❑ Information Technology ❑ Other— please explain Item OHRS RCORP 21-062 Amendment #1 Executive Summary: (If applicable, please include available options and potential solutions) The Rural Communities Opioid Response Plan (RCORP) grant is a joint effort between Mason County Community Services — Public Health, Olympic Health and Recovery Services, Mason Health, and North Mason Regional Fire Authority with a goal of increasing and sustaining substance use disorder prevention, harm reduction, treatment, and recovery services in Mason County. A 0.5 FTE Certified Substance Use Disorder Peer Navigator is stationed at the Mason County Jail and works with the Substance Use Disorder Professional (SUDP) and jail re-entry peer to provide incarcerated individuals with peer recovery services, help create treatment plans, and connect individuals with wrapround re- entry services and case management upon release. Currently, a 0.5 FTE Olympic Health and Recovery Jail MAT/Re-entry Peer Specialist is paid for with Treatment Sales Tax dollars. RCORP funds enhanced the SUD jail program by providing 1.0 SUDP and 0.5 FTE Peer Navigator in the jail; this amendment would increase the Peer Navigator position to 1.0 FTE and would allow the team a greater case load to accommodate the needs of the Mason County jail population. Budget Impact: None, already budgeted in RCORP grant Public Outreach: (Include any legal requirements, direct notice, website, community meetings, etc.) N/A Recommended/Requested Action: Move to 7/19/22 Action Agenda and approve increase of SUD Peer Navigator to 1.0 FTE Attachments: OHRS RCORP 21-062 Amendment #1 Contract Between Mason County Department of Health Services and Olympic Health and Recovery Services Professional Services Contract#21-062 Amendment # 1 The purpose of this amendment is to increase FTE funding allocation. IT IS MUTUALLY AGREED THEREFORE: That the Original Contract is hereby amended as follows: Scope of Services adds an additional 0.5 FTE for a Certified Substance Use Disorder Peer. The cost will not exceed$40,000 for salary and benefits per year. This will be supported by the Rural Communities Opioid Response Plan grant. ALL OTHER TERMS AND CONDITIONS of the original Contract and any subsequent amendments hereto remain in full force and effect. IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the undersigned has affixed his/her signature in execution thereof on the 27th_day of June , 2022. CONTRACTOR MASON COUNTY Joe Avalos,Administrator Kevin Shutty, Commissioner Chair Olympic Health and Recovery Services Mason 1 Mason County Public Works — Briefing July 11, 2022 Briefing Items Belfair Construction Services Contract—Loretta&Richard RCO Landowner Agreement Form for Managed Restoration Programs—Loretta County Road Closure for Belfair Tahuya Road—Mike Transportation Improvement Program Citizens Advisory Panel Resolution Amendment— Mike -. Reappointments to the Transportation Improvement Program Citizens Advisory Panel— Mike Discussion Items North Shore Road(Great Bend Culvert Replacement Project CRP 2021)August 8-12, 2022 County Force Project Taylor Town Vicinity Surplus Property Commissioner Follow-Up Items Upcoming Calendar Items July 13, 2022 at 7:00 a.m. —Kiwanis Club meeting at Spencer Lake Resort July 13,2022 at 4:30 p.m. —TIP-CAP meeting at Public Works July 16, 2022 at 2:00 p.m.—Take Back Mason County meeting at Agate Grange TIP-CAP invited to hear comment re: Lower Uncle John's Culvert project MASON COUNTY BRIEFING ITEM SUMMARY FORM TO: BOARD OF MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS FROM: Loretta Swanson, Director and Richard Dickinson, Deputy Director DEPARTMENT: Public Works/Utilities and Waste Management I EXT: 199 BRIEFING DATE: July 11 2022 INTERNAL REVIEW (please check all that apply): ❑ Budget/Finance ❑ Human Resources ❑ Legal ❑ Information Technology ❑ Other — please explain ITEM: EXECUTE AGREEMENT— KENNEDY-JENKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Commissioners approved a contract with Kennedy-Jenks on April 23, 2019 to complete two projects for the Belfair Sewer system. The work consisted of designing a sewer trunk extension to serve to lands between the planned SR 3 Freight Corridor and Navy Rail and a portion of the Puget Sound Industrial Center (PSIC). The design work is now complete and there is need for construction management and engineering services for the planned extension. A Scope of Work and budget for these services are attached. BUDGET IMPACTS: The cost for these services is $785,888. Additional compensation is due in the amount of $6,000 for bid support services making the total $791,888. Mason County received a $2,000,000 Commerce Grant which can be used for engineering services. There is approximately $1,100,000 remaining in the grant. The adopted 2022 budget has $500,000 for professional services. RECOMMENDED OR REQUESTED ACTION: Request the Board authorize the Chair to execute the Contract with Kennedy/Jenks Consultants, Inc. for Construction Management and Engineering Services. ATTACHMENT: 1. Contract Kennedy Jenks AMENDMENT 7 EXHIBIT A- SCOPE OF SERVICES Project Title:Belfair Sewer Extension Bidding and Construction Services Introduction Kennedy Jenks(Consultant)is providing engineering services to Mason County(County)for the Belfair WRF Sewer Extension Project 1-SR 3 Freight Corridor Sewer System Pre-Design and GSP Amendment and Project 2 - Belfair Sewer System Extension Final Design. The sewer extension design has been approved by Ecology for construction and the project will soon move into the next phase, Project 3 - Construction Management (CM) and Engineering Services During Construction (ESDC) for Belfair Sewer Extension. This document describes the scope of work included in Project 3. Project 3-CM and ESDC for Belfair Sewer Extension Consultant will provide construction management and engineering services as described herein. Consultant team members will provide as needed Construction Management services for 13 months or less,pending the start date of the Consultant/County contract execution.Additionally, as the Engineer of Record, the Consultant will provide design reviews and services during construction under this contract. Task 1- Project Management Consultant Services: Consultant shall manage the Consultant team's services during project construction through construction contract closeout and Record Drawing preparation,for a total assumed duration of 13 months.Project management activities consist of: • Communications with County staff • Invoicing and status reports • Management of the Consultant team Deliverables • Monthly invoices(Electronic,Adobe pdf format). Task 2-Construction Management Consultant,on behalf of the County,will provide construction management services, construction observation,construction documentation,conduct construction progress meetings, contractor communication and coordination,schedule monitoring,pay request review and recommendations,as well as distribution of submittals and Requests for Information(RFIs) to the appropriate Consultant team members for response. 2.1 Inspection The Consultant's personnel shall conduct site observations as requested by the County and document written observations and photos. The Consultant shall electronically transmit observation reports to County within a week of each site visit.The Consultant will document the contractor's observed activities, labor force, equipment, and items considered pertinent to the Page 1 101 IV 1 Kennedy Jenks project.The Consultant will provide documentation of labor,materials, and equipment for each day onsite in various sections of the project. Assumptions: • The inspector will be onsite as needed and will be coordinated with the County. Up to 900 hours are budgeted for inspection activities,including travel time. • The County will not unreasonably withhold approval of the inspectors proposed by the Consultant. • All inspections shall be within the project limits. • Consultant will use in-house template for preparing inspection daily reports. Deliverables: • Site observation report(electronic,Adobe pdf format). 2.2 Documentation The Consultant will provide the County with photographic documentation during construction, when Consultant staff are present at the site. The Consultant will use still, digital cameras, to record the contractor's progress during construction. Assumptions: • Photographs will be prepared when the Consultant is present at the site. • Photographs will remain at the Consultant office and/or Microsoft Teams site until the end of the project. Deliverables: • Photographic records. 2.3 Pre-construction Conference Consultant will schedule,prepare the agenda,chair,and take minutes of the pre-construction meeting.The meeting will outline project specifics and inform the contractor of project administration procedures. Assumptions: • The County will provide the meeting venue,if in person,pending COVID 19 status. • The County will assist Consultant in developing the attendee list. • The County will assist Consultant in developing an agenda. • Consultant will prepare a draft agenda for the County approval prior to the meeting. Deliverables: • Provide written agenda and minutes of pre-construction conference. • Forward digital copies of pre-construction meeting minutes to the attendees. 2.4 Communications and Correspondence At the pre-construction conference, the Consultant will obtain information from the attendees to develop a project directory of key personal working on the project.Consultant will log Amendment 7 Exhibit A-Scope of Services Page 2 101 Kennedy Jenks information received from the contractor and others in separate project files for action and distribution.Consultant will prepare and/or forward appropriate responses,obtaining County approval when required. Assumptions: • The Contractor File Index will be used for correspondence with stakeholders. • The Contractor Correspondence Log will be used for all correspondence received from the County,the contractor,and others. • All original correspondence will remain with the Consultant project files.Only copies will be distributed,except for shop drawing submittals. • The Consultant project files will be turned over to the County upon conclusion of the project. Deliverables: • Written logs of information received from the County,the contractor and/or others relating to the projects. 2.5 Construction Progress Meetings Consultant shall conduct regularly organized construction coordination/progress meetings with the contractor and the County to discuss project schedule, construction coordination, and health/safety. Construction progress meetings are expected to occur weekly over the 365-day contract time(52 weeks).A total of 48 weekly meetings will be attended remotely(by conference call) by 1 or more Consultant staff, assumed to be up to 1-hour duration. Meeting agenda and minutes shall be prepared by the Consultant and reviewed by County. Assumptions: • The County and contractor will be able to meet in person or virtually on a regular basis • A 15-person meeting venue with facilities(projector screen,etc.)will be provided by the County,if in person,pending COVID 19 status. • The County will provide office spaces,office supplies,and office sanitary services for two(2) KJ staff at or near the project site.Location and specifics to be determined by the County. • Regularly scheduled construction meetings will not be more than once a week and will not last longer than one (1)hour. • The County will attend the meetings as a participant • Consultant will lead the meetings. • Consultant will take notes of discussion items. • Contractor is required to submit a look-ahead schedule(2 or 3 weeks)at each weekly meeting. Deliverables: • Weekly Agenda with status of open items from previous meetings. Amendment 7 Exhibit A-Scope of Services Page 3 IKennedy Jenks • Weekly meeting minutes with action items noted. • Two(2) or three(3)weeks look ahead schedule(prepared by the contractor). • Submittal log,issues log,and RFI and RFQ working logs. • Comments on meeting minutes (electronic,Adobe pdf format). 2.6 Schedule Monitoring Consultant will review the contractor's monthly schedule updates for logic, duration, and resource changes. Consultant will notify the contractor of discovered changes and document the contractor's response.Consultant will keep the County appraised of the contractor's current construction schedule. Assumptions: • Contract specifications will require the contractor to use Critical Path Method(CPM) scheduling tools/software. 2.7 Payment Recommendations Consultant will review the contractor's monthly progress based on the percentage of work activities complete and make approval recommendations to the County. The contractor will submit a certified application for payment to Consultant for final review. Once approved, Consultant will prepare a payment application certificate with supporting documentation, for approval and execution by the County. Assumptions: • Up to 12 invoices will be submitted by the Contractor. • The County will make payments in accordance with the contract stipulations and State Laws to the contractor once each month. • The Consultant shall not be responsible for review and compliance confirmation of certified contractor payrolls and requests.The County will be responsible to review certified payrolls from the contractor and each of its subcontractors.The County will check for the"Statement of Compliance'from the contractor and/or subcontractors and spot-check wages for each classification of laborer or craftsperson. County will notify the contractor of all discrepancies and/or errors and request a corrected Certified Payroll. Deliverables: • Contractor's certified application for payment. • Progress payment request documents suitable for approval and execution by the County. 2.8 Review and Monitor Record Drawings The Consultant will monitor the contractor's required record drawings on a monthly basis.In addition to monitoring the contractor's drawings,Consultant staff will maintain a copy of the contract plans.Consultant staff will include items that are not normally shown on the contractor's set of record drawings. This information is not necessarily construction related,but is project related and may be important in figure maintenance and/or construction projects. Amendment 7 Exhibit A-Scope of Services Page 4 KI I Kennedy Jenks Assumptions: • Contract documents will require contractor to maintain redline as-built drawings. Deliverables: • One (1) set of Consultant's marked up contract drawings to be used to double check the final contractor's record drawings. 2.9 Inspection and Document Management Quality Control Consultant shall review construction documents and deliverables for Quality Control. This will include initial and subsequent periodic review of inspection reports, construction progress meeting minutes,pay estimates,record drawings,RFIs,submittal reviews,and change orders. Task 3-Submittal Reviews 3.1 Submittal Review and Responses Consultant shall review submittals and shop drawings and provide review comments to the County. Submittals shall be furnished to Consultant by the contractor. Consultant shall review submittals and provide written comments and recommended submittal review disposition within an average of 14 calendar days of receipt of a submittal. The term submittal used herein includes technical submittals, shop drawings, samples, operations and maintenance manuals, and product data required to be submitted by the contractor. Consultant shall maintain a submittals log. Review will be for substantial conformity with the intent of the Contract drawings and specifications. Such review shall be only for conformance with the design concepts and general compliance with the project's Contract Documents. It shall not include review of quantities, dimensions, weights or gauges, fabrication processes, construction methods, coordination with the work of other trades,or construction safety precautions,all of which are the sole responsibility of the contractor.It is assumed that up to 100 submittals(with up to 1 resubmittal per submittal), each requiring on average 5 hours,and a resubmittal rate of 50% with each resubmittal requiring on average 4 hours,will be reviewed by Consultant. Assumptions: • Consultant will not be responsible for errors or omissions in any submittal lists;this is the responsibility of the construction contractor. • Consultant will review submittals for both completeness as well as an exhaustive review by the Engineer of Record. Deliverables: • Reviewed submittals with indicated disposition(electronic,Adobe pdf format). • Monthly status logs of project submittals. Task 4-Requests for Information Review and Responses 4.1 RFI Review and Responses Consultant shall provide responses to the contractor's Requests for Information(RFIs).RFIs shall be furnished to Consultant by the contractor, and written responses shall be provided to the contractor within an average of 14 calendar days of receipt of an RFI. It is assumed that up to 30 Amendment 7 Exhibit A-Scope of Services Page 5 Kennedy Jenks RFIs, each requiring on average 6 hours, will be reviewed by Consultant. Consultant shall maintain an RFI log. Deliverables: • RFI responses (electronic,Adobe pdf format). Task 5-Change Order Reviews 5.1 Change Orders Consultant shall support the County with evaluation of change orders or potential change orders. As requested, Consultant shall review notices and correspondence issued by the contractor and provide a written opinion of the validity of contractor request. This task provides as-needed support for up to 20 change orders or potential change order reviews,each requiring on average 8 hours. The Consultant will review requests of alleged cost increases and/or time impacts for merit. If the Consultant Construction Manager determines the request fails on merit, the contractor will be informed of the reasons why the request is denied. Should the Consultant Construction Manager determine the request has merit, prepare change orders on County form for review by the County. Assumptions: • Extra work costs successfully negotiated between Consultant and the contractor will be submitted to the County for approval. • No claims services are included in this scope of work. • Consultant to provide cost estimates for work to assist in determining change order merit_ Deliverables: • Summary of negotiations and recommendations for approval. • Change orders on County form ready for execution. Task 6-Start-up,Commissioning,and Training Consultant will assist the contractor in preparing a Start-up and Testing Plan.The Consultant will provide onsite support during start-up testing to verify performance and operation of the facility in conformance with the contract documents. Consultant will be available to support the County,as needed,during the commissioning period. Upon successful completion of the commissioning period and substantial completion of the work on-site,Consultant will issue a Substantial Completion letter to the contractor. Consultant will provide onsite training to the County. Assumptions: • The contractor has primary responsibility for the Start-up and Testing Plan. • The budget assumes two personnel onsite during startup testing for up to five days. • This training is not to replicate or replace vendor provided commissioning and training. • County operations personnel will be available to participate in systems start-up. Amendment 7 Exhibit A-Scope of Services Page 6 Kennedy Jenks • Start-up will include two different activities: start-up of Lift Station and start-up of Sewer Lines and Manholes. Deliverables: • Completed equipment start-up checklists. Task 7-Final Inspection and Closeout Services Consultant will identify elements of construction requiring correction prior to final acceptance by the County. 7.1 Substantial Completion Consultant shall participate in one project walkthrough to assist in the preparation of a substantial completion punch list (prepared by the County) to be provided for construction contractors' action or correction prior to construction closeout activities. Assumptions: • The County will identify any key County personnel or other agency personnel to be included in the substantial completion inspection walkthrough. • Contractor will contact and schedule all required substantial completion inspection personnel 48 hours prior to the final inspection. • Consultant will prepare the substantial completion punchlist. Deliverables: • Substantial completion punchlist(Excel format) 7.2 Final Completion and Final Payment Consultant shall participate in one project walkthrough to assist in the preparation of a final completion punch list (prepared by the County) to be provided for construction contractors' action or correction prior to construction closeout activities.The Consultant will also provide the County with the final contract cost and final balance due to the contractor upon completion of punchlist items. Assumptions: • The County will identify any key County personnel or other agency personnel to be include in the final inspection walkthrough. • Contractor will contact and schedule all required final inspection personnel 48 hours prior to the final inspection. • Consultant will prepare the final completion punchlist. • There are no outstanding issues or claims. Deliverables: • Final completion punchlist • Final Payment Estimate 7.3 Record Drawings Amendment 7 Exhibit A-Scope of Services Page 7 Ki I Kennedy Jenks Consultant shall prepare Record Drawings for the Project using the drawing markups of construction changes provided by the contractor. For estimating purposes, it is assumed that 25 drawings will be updated, each requiring on average 4 hours of CADD time including reproduction. Consultant shall provide one electronic and one full sized (22"x 34") paper hard copy of the Record Drawing set. Assumptions: • Contractor will answer questions regarding the record drawings. • Contract documents will require contractor to maintain redline as-built drawings. Deliverables: • One(1)set of Consultant's marked up contract drawings to be used to double check the final contractors Record Drawings (hard copy and electronic - AutoCAD and Adobe pdf formats). • One (1) set of Record Drawings (hard copy and electronic- AutoCAD and Adobe pdf formats). Task 8-Agency Coordination Consultant will coordinate construction activities, and provide project updates and communications,with the Washington State Department of Ecology(Ecology),the United States Department of the Navy(Navy),affected property owner(s),and the Developer. Assumptions: • Consultant coordination is limited to Ecology,Navy,affected property owner(s),and the Developer. • Consultant coordination is limited to communicating project schedule updates and project construction activities. Deliverables: • Written project updates,as needed,to Agencies. • Coordination meetings,as needed,with Agencies. Task 9-Sub-Consultant Services 9.1 Design Coordination The Design Sub-Consultant,as the Designer of the structural,electrical,and controls elements of the improvements,will assist the Consultant with construction related activities relating to those elements to include the following: meetings, inspections, submittal review and response, RFI review and response,change order review and response,and final inspection activities. Assumptions: • Consultant will retain a Design Sub-Consultant (BHC Consultants, LLC) and Geotechnical Sub-Consultant(Landau)for review services. • Sub-Consultant will only provide construction assistance to review the elements they designed and sealed in the bid documents. Amendment 7 Exhibit A-Scope of Services Page 8 VJ I Kennedy Jenks Deliverables: • Sub-Consultant comments and assistance with construction related activities and documentation as needed. 9.2 Sub-Consultant Management Consultant will provide project management and oversight of the Sub-Consultants throughout the project.The Consultant will review and monitor project activities,budget,and progress of the Sub-Consultants on a regular basis. Deliverables: • Monthly project invoices from Sub-Consultants(included with Consultant invoices noted in Task 1). Amendment 7 Exhibit A-Scope of Services Page 9 Kennedy Jenks EXHIBIT B COMPENSATION A.Compensation: Consultant will be compensated not more than$2,170,255 for Projects 1,2,and 3 services. Estimated Project/ Task Effort Project 1 - SR 3 Freight Corridor Sewer System Predesign and GSP Amend $557,071 Project 2- Belfair Sewer System Extension Final Design $827,296 Project 3-CM and ESDC Task 1.Project Management $73,177 Task 2.Construction Management $209,503 Task 3.Submittal Reviews $145,939 Task 4.RFI Review/Responses $36,601 Task 5.Change Order Reviews $35,162 Task 6:Start-up Management $60,240 Task 7:Final Inspection and Closeout Services $48,606 Task 8:Agency Coordination $34,479 Task 9:Sub-Consultant Services $142,181 Project 3 -Total $785,888 Projects 1,2,and 3 Total $2,170,255 B.Requests for Payment: 1.At a minimum the invoice is to include:performance period;date of submission;Consultant's name, remittance address and phone number; number of hours being billed; invoice total; and any additional applicable information. 2.Submit via e-mail to: Loretta Swanson Public Works Director Mason County Public Works 100 W.Public Works Drive Shelton,WA 98584 (360)427-9670 x450 jswansonOco.mason.wa.us 3. Payment will be made to Consultant within thirty (30) days of the receipt of a complete and accurate invoice Page 1 MASON COUNTY BRIEFING ITEM SUMMARY FORM TO: BOARD OF MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS FROM: Loretta Swanson, Director DEPARTMENT: Public Works EXT: 450 BRIEFING DATE: July 11 2022 PREVIOUS BRIEFING DATES: If this is a follow-up briefing, lease provide only new information INTERNAL REVIEW (please check all that apply): ❑ Budget/Finance ❑ Human Resources ❑ Legal ❑ Information Technology ❑ Other- please explain ITEM: Washington State Recreation and Conservation Office (RCO) Landowner Agreement Form for Managed Restoration Programs EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Mason Conservation District received grant funds from the Washington State Recreation and Conservation Office (RCO) to perform salmon habitat improvement activities. These activities are located on two parcels owned by Mason County within the Skokomish Watershed, and a Landowner Agreement is to be executed per RCO grant requirements. The properties are tax parcel numbers 42115-42-00000 and 42115-42-00140. The Landowner agreements detail Mason Conservation District responsibilities (plantings, placement of Large Wood Debris, monitoring and maintenance) and the County responsibilities (providing access, inform of any safety hazards, not compromise intergrity of the project). Each agreement remains in effect for a period of ten (10) years from the date of completion. RECOMMENDED OR REQUESTED ACTION: Request the County Commissioners authorize the Chair to sign the RCO Landowner Agreements between Mason County and Mason Conservation District for implementing the salmon habitat improvement activities on lands owned by Mason County within the Skokomish Watershed. ATTACHMENT: 1. Agreement - Bourgault Road 2. Agreement - Skokomish Watershed RCO Landowner Agreement Form RCO Landowner Agreement Form for Managed Restoration Programs For restoration grant programs managed by the Recreation and Conservation Office (RCO) This Agreement, dated and effective beginning the 22nd day of January, 2021, is made and entered into by and between the Landowner and Grantee identified herein. The parties intend that all terms of this Agreement shall remain in effect for a period of ten years from the date of project completion, and the agreement shall be binding on all successors in interest during this time. The date of project completion is the date of final payment to the project sponsor (here Grantee), as defined in the Period of Performance section of the RCO' Project Agreement. The date of final payment is the 30th day of June, 2022. Landowner Name (Landowner): Mason County Street Address: 411 N 5th ST City, State, Zip Code: Shelton, WA 98584 Project Sponsor (Grantee): Grantee Name: Mason Conservation District Street Address: 450 W Business Park Rd City, State, Zip Code: Shelton, WA 98584 '"RCO" is an abbreviation for the Washington State Recreation and Conservation Office Recreation and Conservation Office• March 2018 RCO Landowner Agreement Form Purpose of Landowner Agreement The purpose of this Agreement is to identify and confirm the terms, conditions and obligations agreed upon between the Grantee, who is undertaking a project (Project) funded through the RCO, and the Landowner, who owns the property on which the Project will take place. The Grantee and Landowner agree to participate in implementing the salmon habitat improvement activities described below on lands owned by the Landowner in South Fork Skokomish Watershed, WRIA 16 (Water Resource Inventory Area), Mason County, State of Washington. Tax Parcel No. Street Address 42115-42-00140 201 E Bourgault RD, Shelton, WA 98584 The project activities are described in, and in accordance with, the RCO Project Agreement No. 16— 1489R dated January 19, 2018, into which this agreement, once signed by both parties, becomes incorporated herein. The Grantee Agrees to: 1. Be responsible for the design and installation of the project, and the conduct and activities of its staff, agents, and representatives. 2. Provide the Landowner with a timeline of estimated dates of Project activities, including start and completion dates, and to keep the Landowner informed of progress. 3. Conduct the project-related activities described in the Project Description, as appended to this agreement. 4. Leave all remaining portions of the property in as near pre-project condition as reasonable, or as otherwise agreed upon in writing with Landowner. 5. Inform Landowner of project completion and the dates for this Agreement. 6. Hold harmless the landowner from any liability associated from injuries or damages occurring to workers implementing the project. 7. Identify the specific maintenance and/or monitoring activities that will be provided by grantee in Attachment A (Include frequency and duration). Recreation and Conservation Office 9 March 2018 RCO Landowner Agreement Form The Landowner Agrees to: 1. Provide reasonable property access to the Grantee to plan, implement, and complete the project, and to conduct the long-term maintenance and monitoring activities, as described in the Attachment A. Project Description and Maintenance Responsibilities. 2. Provide the Grantee and RCO, or their employees, agents, representatives, contractors, or assignees, the right to enter the land, at reasonable times, and upon reasonable notice. Entry is solely for project implementation and management purposes, to inspect completed work and to monitor long-term success of the completed project. Except in case of emergency, reasonable notice shall be given at least 48 hours before entry. 3. Not intentionally compromise the integrity of the project; 4. Inform Grantee of all known safety hazards on the property; 5. Identify the specific maintenance and/or monitoring activities that will be provided by Landowner in Attachment A (Include frequency and duration). Landowner has no obligation to provide access to parties other than the Grantee or RCO, or their employees, agents, representatives, contractors, or assignees. For the purposes of viewing the Project for information or educational purposes, Landowner and Grantee must mutually agree before such third-party access is offered. General Terms The Landowner shall notify the Grantee of changes in ownership of the property on which the Project is located within thirty (30) days of transfer. In the event of such transfer of ownership, the Landowner shall provide a copy of this Agreement to the succeeding owner prior to such transfer. The Landowner's written notification to the Grantee will include the name of the new landowner. The sponsor then will contact the new landowner to determine whether or not the landowner agrees to continue the landowner's specific maintenance, monitoring, and reporting responsibilities as described in Attachment A (if applicable), and to not intentionally compromise the integrity of the project. If the new landowner agrees, please provide a copy of the new landowner-signed statement to continue the landowner's monitoring, maintenance, and reporting responsibilities as described in Attachment A. To comply with Executive Order 05-05, Archaeological and Cultural Resources, Grantees may have to complete a cultural resources survey in response to any cultural resources concerns that might arise. Grantees will notify the landowner if a consultation is required. If required, consultations must be completed before construction begins. Recreation and Conservation Office• March 2018 RCO Landowner Agreement Form This agreement may be terminated by the Grantee, if in its discretion, it determines that circumstances have rendered the Purpose of this agreement impractical to achieve. Termination also may be sought by either party by providing written notice to the other party. Such termination shall be effective only after authorized representatives of both parties have agreed in writing to such termination and RCO has been provided a thirty (30) day advance written notice of such termination. If, in the event the project is intentionally removed, destroyed, or otherwise compromised in function by the Landowner, or if successor Landowners do not agree to the terms of this Agreement, RCO reserves the right to seek remedy as described in the RCO Project Agreement, which requires the project sponsor to provide a new restoration site to serve as replacement. This Agreement does not authorize the Grantee or RCO to assume jurisdiction over, or any ownership interest in, the premises. The Landowner retains sole responsibility for taxes, assessments, damage claims, and controlling trespass. The Landowner also retains all benefits and enjoyment of the rights of ownership except as are specifically provided in this agreement. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Agreement. Grantee Date Landowner Date Provide a copy of this Agreement, and any amendments to this Agreement, to the RCO: Washington State Recreation and Conservation Office, PO Box 40917 Olympia, WA 98504-0917 Attachment A: Project Description and Maintenance Responsibilities 1. Written description of the project-related activities that will occur on Landowner's Property (consistent with project cost elements) and the anticipated salmon or environmental quality benefits: (Include restoration/enhancement activities and any long-term maintenance needs and effectiveness monitoring activities that will occur in future years.) This project will involve planting native conifers in areas currently dominated by deciduous trees to facilitate a later seral stage forest, and improve the quality of habitat provided by the riparian and floodplain areas. Conifers will be planted on 15-20 foot spacing throughout the planting Recreation and Conservation Office• March 2018 RCO Landowner Agreement Form area. Additionally, shrubs or seeding may be planted in some areas to facilitate the recovery of native plant communities following knotweed treatment. The planting area consist of riverside areas, disturbed lands, areas dominated by deciduous forest. Maintenance may occur 1-2 times per year, and will involve: 1) clearing brush from around the planted trees to reduce competition and facilitate faster growth, 2) treating invasive plant species in the project area, and 3) replacing mortalities. Maintenance may continue for approximately 3 years, after which time the trees should be self-sustainable. 2. Describe the maintenance and monitoring responsibilities of both the Landowner and Grantee for the term of this agreement. Include the activities, frequency and duration of work to be performed. The Landowner is not required to conduct plant maintenance. The grantee will conduct maintenance as described in question 1. The planting will be monitored in the beginning and the end of each growing season by the grantee to assess survivability and potential replanting efforts. Recreation and Conservation Office• March 2018 RCO Landowner Agreement Form Landowner Agreement for RCO Project 16 - 1489R Mason County (Bourgualt Gate) Underplanting and Maintenance Area f S. ij i Mason County - Bourgualt Gate Feet N Bourgault Gate County Planting 0 100 200 400 600 Parcels Recreation and Conservation Office• March 2018 RCO Landowner Agreement Form Landowner Agreement for RCO Project 16 - 1489R Mason County (Bourgualt Gate) Underplanting and Maintenance Area a +'fit► 't. Mason County - Bourgualt Gate Feet N Bourgault Gate County Planting 0 100 200 400 600 0 Parcels Recreation and Conservation Office• March 2018 RCO Landowner Agreement Form RCO Landowner Agreement Form for Managed Restoration Programs For restoration grant programs managed by the Recreation and Conservation Office (RCO) This Agreement, dated and effective beginning the 1 st day of August, 2022, is made and entered into by and between the Landowner and Grantee identified herein. The parties intend that all terms of this Agreement shall remain in effect for a period of ten years from the date of project completion, and the agreement shall be binding on all successors in interest during this time. The date of project completion is the date of final payment to the project sponsor (here Grantee), as defined in the Period of Performance section of the RCO' Project Agreement. It is the responsibility of the Grantee to inform the landowner of this date. Landowner Name (Landowner): Mason County Street Address: 411 N. 51h St. City, State, Zip Code: Shelton, WA 98584 Project Sponsor (Grantee): Grantee Name: Mason Conservation District Street Address: 450 W Business Park Rd City, State, Zip Code: Shelton, WA 98584 "'RCO" is an abbreviation for the Washington State Recreation and Conservation Office Recreation and Conservation Office• March 2018 RCO Landowner Agreement Form Purpose of Landowner Agreement The purpose of this Agreement is to identify and confirm the terms, conditions and obligations agreed upon between the Grantee, who is undertaking a project (Project) funded through the RCO, and the Landowner, who owns the property on which the Project will take place. The Grantee and Landowner agree to participate in implementing the salmon habitat improvement activities described below on lands owned by Landowner in the Skokomish Watershed, WRIA 16 (Water Resource Inventory Area), Mason County, State of Washington. The project activities are described in, and in accordance with, the RCO Project Agreement No. 16- 1483 dated April 22, 2022, into which this agreement, once signed by both parties, becomes incorporated herein. The Grantee Agrees to: 1. Be responsible for the design and installation of the project, and the conduct and activities of its staff, agents, and representatives. 2. Provide the Landowner with a timeline of estimated dates of Project activities, including start and completion dates, and to keep the Landowner informed of progress. 3. Conduct the project-related activities described in the Project Description, as appended to this agreement. 4. Leave all remaining portions of the property in as near pre-project condition as reasonable, or as otherwise agreed upon in writing with Landowner. 5. Inform Landowner of project completion and the dates for this Agreement. 6. Hold harmless the landowner from any liability associated from injuries or damages occurring to workers implementing the project. 7. Identify the specific maintenance and/or monitoring activities that will be provided by grantee in Attachment A (Include frequency and duration). The Landowner Agrees to: 1. Provide reasonable property access to the Grantee to plan, implement, and complete the project, and to conduct the long-term maintenance and monitoring activities, as described in the Attachment A. Project Description and Maintenance Responsibilities. 2. Provide the Grantee and RCO, or their employees, agents, representatives, contractors, or assignees, the right to enter the land, at reasonable times, and upon reasonable notice. Entry is solely for project implementation and management purposes, to inspect Recreation and Conservation Office• March 2018 RCO Landowner Agreement Form completed work and to monitor long-term success of the completed project. Except in case of emergency, reasonable notice shall be given at least 48 hours before entry. 3. Not intentionally compromise the integrity of the project; 4. Inform Grantee of all known safety hazards on the property; 5. Identify the specific maintenance and/or monitoring activities that will be provided by Landowner in Attachment A (Include frequency and duration). Landowner has no obligation to provide access to parties other than the Grantee or RCO, or their employees, agents, representatives, contractors, or assignees. For the purposes of viewing the Project for information or educational purposes, Landowner and Grantee must mutually agree before such third-party access is offered. General Terms The Landowner shall notify the Grantee of changes in ownership of the property on which the Project is located within thirty (30) days of transfer. In the event of such transfer of ownership, the Landowner shall provide a copy of this Agreement to the succeeding owner prior to such transfer. The Landowner's written notification to the Grantee will include the name of the new landowner. The sponsor then will contact the new landowner to determine whether or not the landowner agrees to continue the landowner's specific maintenance, monitoring, and reporting responsibilities as described in Attachment A (if applicable), and to not intentionally compromise the integrity of the project. If the new landowner agrees, please provide a copy of the new landowner-signed statement to continue the landowner's monitoring, maintenance, and reporting responsibilities as described in Attachment A. To comply with Executive Order 05-05, Archaeological and Cultural Resources, Grantees may have to complete a cultural resources survey in response to any cultural resources concerns that might arise. Grantees will notify the landowner if a consultation is required. If required, consultations must be completed before construction begins. This agreement may be terminated by the Grantee, if in its discretion, it determines that circumstances have rendered the Purpose of this agreement impractical to achieve. Termination also may be sought by either party by providing written notice to the other party. Such termination shall be effective only after authorized representatives of both parties have agreed in writing to such termination and RCO has been provided a thirty (30) day advance written notice of such termination. If, in the event the project is intentionally removed, destroyed, or otherwise compromised in function by the Landowner, or if successor Landowners do not agree to the terms of this Agreement, RCO reserves the right to seek remedy as described in the RCO Project Agreement, which requires the project sponsor to provide a new restoration site to serve as replacement. Recreation and Conservation Office• March 2018 RCO Landowner Agreement Form This Agreement does not authorize the Grantee or RCO to assume jurisdiction over, or any ownership interest in, the premises. The Landowner retains sole responsibility for taxes, assessments, damage claims, and controlling trespass. The Landowner also retains all benefits and enjoyment of the rights of ownership except as are specifically provided in this agreement. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Agreement. Grantee Date Landowner Date Approve as to Form Tim Whitehead, Ch. DPA Provide a copy of this Agreement, and any amendments to this Agreement, to the RCO: Washington State Recreation and Conservation Office, PO Box 40917 Olympia, WA 98504-0917 Attachment A: Project Description and Maintenance Responsibilities 1. Written description of the project-related activities that will occur on Landowner's Property (consistent with project cost elements) and the anticipated salmon or environmental quality benefits: (Include restoration/enhancement activities and any long-term maintenance needs and effectiveness monitoring activities that will occur in future years.) This project constructs 0.75 mile of Large Wood Debris (LWD) treatments on the Bourgault Farm and adjacent downstream properties (Parcel 421154200000) starting at proximately RM 4.1 in the Skokomish River. LWD treatments will involve installing 1 apex type engineered log jams. The resulting structures will deepen the thalweg, restore normative channel form and function, increase channel stability, and improve sediment processes. A side channel roughly 450 feet will be created on parcel 421154200000. This project represents a key element to watershed scale ecosystem restoration efforts underway in the Skokomish. Recreation and Conservation Office• March 2018 RCO Landowner Agreement Form 2. Describe the maintenance and monitoring responsibilities of both the Landowner and Grantee for the term of this agreement. Include the activities, frequency and duration of work to be performed. The Grantee will monitor the Large Woody Debris Structures and side channels annually for 10 years in search of unforeseen complication and consult with the Landowner. The Grantee will work with the Landowner to determine the most appropriate action to ensure proper function of the structures and will pursue funding to resolve, if warranted. Recreation and Conservation Office• March 2018 MASON COUNTY BRIEFING ITEM SUMMARY FORM TO: BOARD OF MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS FROM: Mike Collins, PLS, PE, Deputy Director/County Engineer DEPARTMENT: Public Works EXT: 450 BRIEFING DATE: July 11, 2022 PREVIOUS BRIEFING DATES: If this is a follow-up briefing, lease provide only new information INTERNAL REVIEW (please check all that apply): ❑ Budget/Finance ❑ Human Resources ❑ Legal ❑ Information Technology ❑ Other— please explain ITEM: Rescheduled County Road Closure - Belfair Tahuya Road EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: On May 24, 2022, County Commissioners approved the road closure on Belfair Tahuya Road for a culvert replacement project from MP 6.50 to MP 7.47 that was scheduled to be closed from June 13- 17, 2022. Due to the ground saturation, the County had to postponed the project in order to allow the area to dry out. Public Works would like to rescheduled this closure to begin at 7:00am Monday, August 22, 2022 and reopen at approximately 4:00pm, Friday, August 26 2022. The intent of this road closure is to protect the safety of County crews and the traveling public. PUBLIC OUTREACH: 1. Notified School District (School is schedule to start August 31st) 2. Notice of closures will be published in the Shelton Journal. 3. Closure information will be posted on County Facebook page, County webpage under"Road Closures, Restrictions and Conditions" 4. Reader boards will alert drivers at least 3-days prior to the start of each closure. 5. Closure information on County Channel 3 television 6. Notices will be posted in a conspicuous place at each end of the portions of roadway to be closed. RECOMMENDED OR REQUESTED ACTION: Recommend the Board of County Commissioners approve the county road closure on Belfair Tahuya Road from M.P. 6.50 to M.P. 7.47 on Monday, August 22, 2022 to Friday, August 26. 2022. ATTACHMENTS: 1. Notice 2. Detour Map ROAD CLOSURE NOTICE FOR CULVERT REPLACEMENT PROJECTS ON BELFAIR TAHUYA ROAD AND NORTH SHORE ROAD NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that pursuant to RCW 47.48.010, Belfair Tahuya Road shall be closed to all through traffic for culvert replacement project at approximately MY 6.50 (Tahuya Blacksmith Road)to M.P. 7.47 (Dewatto Road). Closure is scheduled to begin at 7:00am Monday, August 22, 2022 and reopen at approximately 4:00pm, Friday, August 26. 2022. Detour signs will guide local residence and emergency vehicles around on the closure using North Shore Road. For more information, contact Public Works at(360) 427-9670, Ext. 450. Dated this day of Jam, 2022. BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS MASON COUNTY,WASHINGTON McKenzie Smith, Clerk of the Board cc: Commissioners Engineer JOURNAL: Publ. 1 t.: 7/28/22 (Bill Road Dept.) POST: At Least three (3) d4ys prior to closure. 0 0 565 Project Area Collins a Rd 0,- Lake t Fee Lake 1 539 ft Cad yoil I Lake , i (` Sunbeach s30 ff r NE Hord Rd .. Sunse Aaggie * ""► Lake 1 j N r ,iggs Lake lb �o �Qr r ` Forest Beach TaF u d Trails End Y Lake .x A t Twanoh State Park Wheeler r � 0 1 2 - - Project Area I Lake ! Miles er p,Cc Detour Route 1 a o N * P 627 a�o� Belfair Tahuya Road Culvert Project Detour County Park MASON COUNTY BRIEFING ITEM SUMMARY FORM TO: BOARD OF MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS FROM: Mike Collins, PLS, PE, Deputy Director/County Engineer DEPARTMENT: Public Works EXT: 450 BRIEFING DATE: July 11 2022 PREVIOUS BRIEFING DATES: If this is a follow-up briefing,, lease provide only new information INTERNAL REVIEW (please check all that apply): ❑ Budget/Finance ❑ Human Resources ❑ Legal ❑ Information Technology ❑ Other— please explain ITEM: Amending Resolution 53-14 - Transportation Improvement Program Citizen Advisory Panel (TIP-CAP) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The Board created TIP-CAP whose mission "...is to represent citizen interests throughout Mason County for all modes of travel during the development of the 6-year TIP." The Advisory Panel is composed of nine members. Seven positions are filled: four who have served for seven years, one for five years, one for three years and one less than one year. A News Release went out this past March seeking members. It has been difficult to fill all nine positions consistently partly due to the explicit membership composition in the current resolution. A draft revision is attached for Board consideration, redefining membership composition and the staggering of member appointments. RECOMMENDED OR REQUESTED ACTION: Recommend the Board amend resolution 53-14, Transportation Improvement Program Citizen Advisory Committee Panel to redefine the membership section. ATTACHMENTS: 1. Track Changes to Resolution 53-14 2. Updated Draft Resolution 3. March 2022 News Release MASON COUNTY RESOLUTION NO. 54-14 TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM-CITIZEN ADVISORY PANEL A Resolution of the Board of County Commissioners (Board) of Mason County, State of Washington, setting forth the mission, goals, scope and membership for the Transportation Improvement Program —Citizens Advisory Panel (TIP-CAP). WHEREAS, a public hearing to adopt the 6-Year Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) is required in accordance with RCW 36.81.121 and WAC 136.16.010; and WHEREAS, the Board recognizes the need and added value associated with public involvement during the preparation of the 6-Year Transportation Improvement Program; and WHEREAS, the Board established a citizen advisory panel by Resolution No. 93-99 to assist in the preparation of the 6-Year TIP; and WHEREAS, the Board amended Resolution No. 93-99 with Resolution No. 35-10 to better clarify the mission and goals of TIP-CAP; and WHEREAS,the Board further refined and clarifiedy the membership, mission, goals and charge of TIP- CAP with Resolution 53-14; and, WHEREAS, the Board would like to revise the membership terms in order to stagger appointment expirations, revise membership. BE IT RESOLVED by the Board of County Commissioners of Mason County, State of Washington, as follows: SECTION I: MISSION The mission of TIP-CAP is to represent citizen transportation interests throughout Mason County for all modes of travel during the development of the 6-Year TIP. SECTION II: GOALS The goal of TIP-CAP is to make transportation improvement investment recommendations to the Board of County Commissioners in an advisory capacity that strives to balance community priorities, county future land-use planning, safety and financial constraints. SECTION III: SCOPE TIP-CAPS scope of work includes: A. Gather input from others on potential transportation projects and needs. B. Align projects and needs with the County Comprehensive Plan. C. Develop, at a minimum, a hi-annual list for inclusion in the Priority Array. D. Review all projects, at a minimum, on a bi-annual basis and make recommendations to be presented to the Board of County Commissioners. E. Provide testimony during the public hearing process adopting the Annual and 6-Year TIP. SECTION IV: MEMBERSHIP A/I her h' shall be em d f ene eitizen r nresentinn the fellGWiRg' Tr-,nsi+ interests Freight/truCkiRg i ests Bicycl'nrr/DedestriaR interests The terwA fer M .,,hershin shall he fer a twe yeaF peried. A. Membership shall be comprised of nine voting positions. The Board of County Commissioners will strive to seek balanced representation on the advisory pan when appointing new members and consider the following: ■ Where the applicant resides and/or owns property; ■ What experience and/or interest the applicant has in transportation issues or different modes of travel (pedestrian, bicycle, transit, freight/trucking); and ■ What associations the applicant may have that will help gather broad input on transportation recommendations. B. Selection of Members: All members shall be appointed by the Mason County Board of Commissioners. C. Terms of Membership: Committee membership shall serve three years terms. Membership terms shall be staggered so that as near as one-third of the advisory memberships shall expire each year; this may require randomly selected members to serve for only two (2) years so that appointments expiring in a given year balance. Designations of terms shall be determined randomly or based by years of successive terms. D. There shall be no limit to the number of terms a member may be appointed. SECTION V: MEETINGS Meetings will be held three to six times per year generally from January through June, and October. Meetings will be supported by Mason County Public Works staff. ADOPTED THIS DAY OF 2022. BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS MASON COUNTY, WASHINGTON ATTEST: KEVIN SHUTTY, Chair MCKENZIE SMITH, Clerk of Board SHARON TRASK, Vice Chair APPROVED AS TO FORM: TIM WHITEHEAD, Ch. DPA RANDY NEATHERLIN, Commissioners MASON COUNTY RESOLUTION NO. AMENDING RESOLUTION 53-14 TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM—CITIZEN ADVISORY PANEL A Resolution of the Board of County Commissioners(Board) of Mason County, State of Washington, setting forth the mission,goals,scope and membership for the Transportation Improvement Program -Citizens Advisory Panel (TIP-CAP). WHEREAS, a public hearing to adopt the 6-Year Transportation Improvement Program (TIP)is required in accordance with RCW 36.81.121 and WAC 136.16.010; and WHEREAS,the Board recognizes the need and added value associated with public involvement during the preparation of the 6-Year Transportation Improvement Program; and WHEREAS,the Board established a citizen advisory panel by Resolution No. 93-99 to assist in the preparation of the 6-Year TIP; and WHEREAS,the Board amended Resolution No. 93-99 with Resolution No. 35-10 to better clarify the mission and goals of TIP-CAP; and WHEREAS,the Board further refined and clarified the membership, mission,goals and charge of TIP-CAP with Resolution 53-14; and, WHEREAS,the Board would like to revise the membership terms in order to stagger appointment expirations, revise membership. BE IT RESOLVED by the Board of County Commissioners of Mason County,State of Washington, as follows: SECTION I: MISSION The mission of TIP-CAP is to represent citizen transportation interests throughout Mason County for all modes of travel during the development of the 6-Year TIP. SECTION II:GOALS The goal of TIP-CAP is to make transportation improvement investment recommendations to the Board of County Commissioners in an advisory capacity that strives to balance community priorities,county future land-use planning, safety and financial constraints. SECTION III:SCOPE TIP-CAPS scope of work includes: A. Gather input from others on potential transportation projects and needs. B. Align projects and needs with the County Comprehensive Plan. C. Develop, at a minimum, a bi-annual list for inclusion in the Priority Array. D. Review all projects, at a minimum,on a bi-annual basis and make recommendations to be presented to the Board of County Commissioners. E. Provide testimony during the public hearing process adopting the Annual and 6-Year TIP. SECTION IV: MEMBERSHIP A. Membership shall be comprised of nine voting positions. The Board of County Commissioners will strive to seek balanced representation on the advisory panel when appointing new members and consider the following: ■ Where the applicant resides and/or owns property; ■ What experience and/or interest the applicant has in transportation issues or different modes of travel (pedestrian, bicycle, transit, freight/trucking); and ■ What associations the applicant may have that will help gather broad input on transportation recommendations. B. Selection of Members:All members shall be appointed by the Mason County Board of Commissioners. C. Terms of Membership: Committee membership shall serve three years terms. Membership terms shall be staggered so that as near as one-third of the advisory memberships shall expire each year;this may require randomly selected members to serve for only two (2)years so that appointments expiring in a given year balance. Designation of terms shall be determined randomly or by years of successive terms. D. There shall be no limit to the number of terms a member maybe appointed. SECTION V: MEETINGS Meetings will be held three to six times per year generally from January through June, and October. Meetings will be supported by Mason County Public Works staff. Dated this day of 12022. ATTEST: BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS MASON COUNTY,WASHINGTON McKenzie Smith, Clerk of the Board Kevin Shutty, Chair APPROVED AS TO FORM: Sharon Trask,Vice Chair Tim Whitehead, Ch. D.P.A. Randy Neatherlin, Commissioner NEWS RELEASE March 1, 2022 MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS 411 NORTH 5T" ST SHELTON, WA 98584 (360) 427-9670 EXT. 419 TO: KMAS, KRXY, MASON COUNTY JOURNAL, SHELTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, NORTH MASON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, CITY OF SHELTON, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL RE: Transportation Improvement Program Citizens Advisory Panel Mason County is seeking citizen volunteers to serve on the Transportation Improvement Program Citizens Advisory Panel (TIP-CAP). The TIP-CAP will review and analyze Mason County's transportation needs and present their proposed transportation improvement plan to the Board of Mason County Commissioners. The time commitment would include a 2 or 3-year membership period and attendance to one evening meeting every month, each lasting approximately two hours. The Board of Mason County Commissioners will use the transportation improvement plan developed by the TIP-CAP to plan road construction and other transportation projects for the next six years. Mason County invites all interested citizens to apply. The intent is to form a team that represents a wide cross-section of Mason County's population. Interested persons may apply by obtaining an application from the Mason County Commissioner's office, 411 North 5th Street, Shelton or by calling (360) 427-9670, ext. 419 or from the County website www.masoncountywa.gov. Applications will be accepted until all vacancies are filled. BOARD OF MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS Kevin Shutty Sharon Trask Randy Neatherlin Chair Commissioner Commissioner MASON COUNTY BRIEFING ITEM SUMMARY FORM TO: BOARD OF MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS FROM: Mike Collins, PLS, PE, Deputy Director/County Engineer DEPARTMENT: Public Works EXT: 450 BRIEFING DATE: July 11 2022 PREVIOUS BRIEFING DATES: If this is a follow-up briefing, lease provide only new information INTERNAL REVIEW (please check all that apply): ❑ Budget/Finance ❑ Human Resources ❑ Legal ❑ Information Technology ❑ Other— please explain ITEM: Re-Appointments to the Transportation Improvement Program Citizen Advisory Panel (TIP-CAP) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: There are six (6) members with terms expiring August 1, 2022. Four of the five members have indicated they are willing to serve another term and submitted applications for the Board's consideration. Public Works recommends the re- appointment and terms for the five (5) applicants listed below: Name Recommending Term Don Po reba 3-years Tim Lincoln 3-years Jack Johnson 2-years Philip Wolff 2-years Mark Carlson 2-years PUBLIC OUTREACH: To date, recruitment for new members has not yet yield any new applications. Public Works continues to seek citizen volunteers to serve on TIP-CAP. RECOMMENDED OR REQUESTED ACTION: Recommend the Board of County Commissioners re-appoint Don Pogreba and Tim Lincoln for terms of three years; Jack Johnson, Philip Wolff and Mark Carlson for terms of two years on the Transportation Improvement Program Citizen Advisory Panel (TIP-CAP). ATTACHMENT: 1. Applications �gox� ooa,�rA MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS 411 NORTH FIFTH STREET SHELTON WA 98584 — -= Fax 360-427-8437; Voice 360-427-9670, Ext. 419;275-4467 or 482-5269 1854 1 AM SEEKING APPOINTMENT TO Mason County TIPCAP NAME: Don Pogreba ADDRESS: PHONE: CITY/ZIP: VOTING PRECINCT: WORK PHONE: E-MAIL (OR AREA IN THE COUNTY YOU LIVE) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- COMMUNITY SERVICE EMPLOYMENT: (IF RETIRED. PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE) (ACTIVITIES OR MEMBERSHIPS) COMPANY: Pogreba &Associates 4 YRS POSITION: Project Manager COMPANY: Thurston County Public Works 25 YRS POSITION: Assistant Design Engineer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In your words, what do you perceive is the role or purpose of the Board, Committee or Council for which you are applying: The purpose of TIP-CAP is to advise the Mason County Commission in the selection of County transportation projects. Work with the Mason County Public Works Department to establish transportation project priorities. What interests, skills do you wish to offer the Board, Committee, or Council? I have worked in all phases of county public works projects including funding acquisition, right of way procurement, design, and construction management. Please list any financial, professional, or voluntary affiliations which may influence or affect your position on this Board: (i.e. create a potential conflict of interest) Your participation is dependent upon attending certain trainings made available by the County during regular business hours (such as Open Public Meetings Act and Public Records).The trainings would be at no cost to you. Would you be able to attend such trainings? Yes Realistically, how much time can you give to this position? Quarterly Monthly x Weekly Daily Office Use Only Don Pogreba 07/05/201J Appointment Date Signature Date Term Expire Date eo vo+ MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS 411 NORTH FIFTH STREET - SHELTON WA 98584 Fax 360-427-8437; Voice 360-427-9670, Ext. 419;275-4467 or 482-5269 IP,51 I AM SEEKING APPOINTMENT TO TIP CAP NAME: Tim Lincoln ADDRESS: PHONE: ( CITYIZIP: VOTING PRECINCT: WORK PHONE: (OR AREA IN THE COUNTY YOU LIVE) E-MAIL: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- COMMUNITY SERVICE EMPLOYMENT: (IF RETIRED, PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE) (ACTIVITIES OR MEMBERSHIPS) COMPANY: Retired Operating Egineers 302 YRS POSITION: Operator/Foreman COMPANY: YRS POSITION: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In your words, what do you perceive is the role or purpose of the Board, Committee or Council for which you are applying: To listen to community members and Tip Cap members to help advise on road constuction, maintanance and safety projects. What interests, skills do you wish to offer the Board,Committee, or Council? 45 plus years in road construction and site development. Please list any financial, professional, or voluntary affiliations which may influence or affect your position on this Board: (i.e.create a potential conflict of interest) None Your participation is dependent upon attending certain trainings made available by the County during regular business hours (such as Open Public Meetings Act and Public Records).The trainings would be at no cost to you.Would you be able to attend such trainings? Yes Realistically,how much time can you give to tl)l§position? Quarte Mo Weekly Daily Office Use Only 1�% - 0 Appointment Date_ j Slgnat e � Date Term Expire Date^- Coa '` MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS 411 NORTH FIFTH STREET i SHELTON WA 98584 Fax 360-427-8437; Voice 360-427-9670, Ext. 419;275-4467 or 482-5269 I AM SEEKING APPOINTMENT TO Tip Cap NAM Jack Johnson ADDRESS: PHONE: CITY/ZIP: VOTING PRECINCT: WORK PHONE: E-MAIL:(OR AREA IN THE COUNTY YOU LIVE) •� ----------------------.--------------------------------------------------------------------- COMMUNITY SERVICE EMPLOYMENT: (IF RETIRED.PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE) (ACTIVITIES OR MEMBERSHIPS) COMPANY: Peninsula Topsoil 25 yRS _RPIfair Iih Aran Planninn C;nmmittee Belfair Sewer Advisory Committee POSITION. Owner Tip CiR Theler Board Checkered Flan Club COMPANY: YRS POSITION: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In your words, what do you perceive is the role or purpose of the Board, Committee or Council for which you are applying: ,To advise the fommiscion oar important-mmm uni y transpQrtation prof -cts to improve safety and nresianLe- roadway assets. What interests, skills do you wish to offer the Board,Committee,or Council? MY sa�rigr basJaee�ia construction-iucl-uding-trucking_-1-have-bee"Aifelong-resident-af--Belfair-and_witnessed-the— good and bad of Mason County. Please list any financial, professional, or voluntary affiliations which may influence or affect your position on this Board: (i.e.create a potential conflict of interest) 4-am-are-own9Fef4?4nins-";;T pseil I arn-an-owReF-ef-undeveleped4and4"nd-odt-of th&Zelfair l�� Your participation is dependent upon attending certain trainings made available by the County during regular business hours (such as Open Public Meetings Act and Public Records).The trainings would be at no cost to you. Would you be able to attend such trainings? Yes Realistically, how much time can you give to this position? arterly Monthly Weekly Daily OfficeUse Only 7(5(2022 Appointment Date Signatur Date Terri Expire Date �sor� ooat, MASON COUNTY COMMISSIONERS 411 NORTH FIFTH STREET SHELTON WA 98584 — -— Fax 360-427-8437; Voice 360-427-9670, Ext. 419;275-4467 or 482-5269 1854 1 AM SEEKING APPOINTMENT TO TIP-CAP NAME: Mark Carlson ADDRESS: PHONE: CITY/ZIP: VOTING PRECINCT: WORK PHONE: E-MAIL: (OR AREA IN THE COUNTY YOU LIVE) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- COMMUNITY SERVICE EMPLOYMENT: (IF RETIRED, PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE) TIP-CAP 7 (ACTIVITIES COMPANY: Vision Corporation A WA Corporation YRS POSITION: President COMPANY: RE/MAX Real Estate YRS POSITION: Broker/Agent -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In your words,what do you perceive is the role or purpose of the Board, Committee or Council for which you are applying: To review the Counties Road, Trail and Transportation needs, to seek out public input on upcoming projects and report backtote County e resu is an or concerns What interests, skills do you wish to offer the Board, Committee,or Council? I have a background in construction and management of over 5 decades Please list any financial, professional, or voluntary affiliations which may influence or affect your position on this Board: (i.e. create a potential conflict of interest) NONE Your participation is dependent upon attending certain trainings made available by the County during regular business hours (such as Open Public Meetings Act and Public Records).The trainings would be at no cost to you. Would you be able to attend such trainings? Yes Realistically, how much time can you give to this position? Quarterly X Monthly Weekly Daily Office Use Only Mark Carlson 7/2/2022 Appointment Date Signature Date Term Expire Date T4i :?f4 f-J!'/.I•('s..r„Js• V( SOL-.4l i'Ms IJJ 4 --KIt C::—P:-3!.'-J7NIt=tali TO i isl"xf ' CfTY ,p jQjL4Gi PREUIN i: A RK Pii at 11�4,Al+t'A:V tIG c-0U!J7V r•.hu 1 NNi GAWL ----------- .-. .. 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